Effect of the Phytochemical Agents Against the SARS-CoV and Selected Some of them for Application to COVID-19: A Mini-Review

Background: The aim of the present review is to provide basic knowledge about the treatment of Coronavirus via medicinal plants. Coronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) as a viral pneumonia causative agent, infects thousands of people in China and worldwide. There is currently no specific medicine or vaccine available and it is considered a threat to develop effective novel drug or anti-coronavirus vaccine treatment. However, natural compounds to treat coronaviruses are the most alternative and complementary therapies due to their diverse range of biological and therapeutic properties. Methods: We performed an open-ended, English restricted search of Scopus database, Web of Science, and Pubmed for all available literature from Jan-March, 2020, using terms related to phytochemical compounds, medicinal plants and coronavirus. Results: The view on anti-coronavirus (anti-CoV) activity in the plant derived phytochemicals and medicinal plants give the strong base to develop a novel treatment of corona virus activity. Various phytochemicals and medicinal plant extracts have been revised and considered to be the potential anti-CoV agents for effective control and future drug development. We discuss some important plants (Scutellaria baicalensis, Psorothamnus arborescens, Glycyrrhiza radix, Glycyrrhiza uralensis , Lycoris radiate, Phyllanthus emblica, Camellia sinensis, Hyptis atrorubens Poit, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Erigeron breviscapus, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Amaranthus tricolor, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rheum palmatum, Curcuma longa and Myrica cerifera) emerged to have broad spectrum antiviral activity. Conclusion: Nigella sativa has potent anti-SARS-CoV activity and it might be useful souce for developing novel antiviral therapies for coronaviruses.

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A Mini Review Medicinal plants with Antiviral properties against SARS-CoV-2

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ◽

10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00026 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 158-160

Author(s):

Nagavamsidhar Muthyala

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Drug Targets ◽

Complementary Therapies ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Important Target ◽

Main Protease ◽

Vaccine Treatment ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Novel Drug

Background: The aim of the present project is to provide basic knowledge about the treatment of Coronavirus via medicinal plants. Coronavirus (COVID-19, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) as a viral pneumonia causative agent, infects thousands of people worldwide. There is currently no specific medicine or vaccine available and it is considered a threat to develop effective novel drug or anti-coronavirus vaccine treatment. However, natural compounds to treat coronaviruses are the most alternative and complementary therapies due to their diverse range of biological and therapeutic properties. Coronaviruses have large viral RNA Genomes and are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. The nsp10/nsp16 protein is an important target because it is essential for the virus to replicate, the papain-like protease (Nsp3), the main protease (Nsp5), the primary RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Nsp12) are also attractive drug targets for this disease. The main aim of this review is gathering information about medicinal plants with antiviral properties from plant database.

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Antiviral and Immunity-modulating Natural Herbs in the Prevention of COVID-19

Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry ◽

10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00014 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 81-94

Author(s):

Sonali S Gadge

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Echinacea Purpurea ◽

Black Pepper ◽

Tinospora Cordifolia ◽

Ocimum Sanctum

The COVID-19 has spread all over the world and there is no single drug or medicine for the prevention and the treatment of this deadly disease. One can get prevention from this disease by boosting the immune system. Persons with weak immune system e.g. children, elder patients or patients with preexisting diseases affect rapidly due to coronavirus. This novel coronavirus attacks mainly on the person immunity. For the centuries the herbal medicinal plants have many beneficial effects against deadly viruses. Herbal medicines provide a rich resource for new antiviral drug development. These natural agents interact with the life cycle of virus such as virus entry, replication, assembly and release. In this review, the importance, immunomodulator, antiviral and pharmacological activities of some medicinal plants, namely, Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinalis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Curcuma longa, Ocimum sanctum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ginseng, Black pepper, Emblica officinalis, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Echinacea purpurea, Azadirachta indica, Piper betel, Eugenia caryophyllata, Cinchona calisaya, Nigella sativa, Cuminum cyminum are highlighted. These medicinal plants have many phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, lactones, polysaccharides, volatile oils, tannins, resins, etc which are helpful for boosting immunity and will help in the prevention and in the management of COVID-19. Several types of research attempted to use herbal medicines against COVID-19.

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Use of low-cost chemotherapeutic and medicinal plants against Thai silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus)

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14932 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 385-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MBR Chowdhury ◽

T Rahman

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Field Condition ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Low Cost ◽

Fungal Disease ◽

Bacterial Disease ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Black Cumin ◽

Highly Efficient

Studies were conducted to select and apply the effective low-cost chemotherapeutic and medicinal plants against diseased fish under laboratory and field condition. Thai silver barbs (Barbonymus gonionotus) weighing 20-25 gm were experimentally infected with a virulent bacterial pathogen (Aeromonas hydrophila) and a fungal pathogen (Aphanomyces invadans). Based on the previous studies, four chemotherapeutics, viz., salt + lime, alum, doxycycline and oxytetracycline were selected and applied to observe the therapeutic effects under laboratory and field condition. In the case of medicinal plants, leaves/ bulb / seeds/ rhizome of neem (Azadirachta indica), akand (Calotropis gigantea), garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), shoti (Curcuma zedoaria), Indian sorrel (Oxalis corniculata), guava (Psidum guajava) and kalijira (Nigella sativa) were screened out and applied to the infected fish in laboratory and field condition to determine their efficacies. The antibiotics, both oxytetracycline and doxycycline were found to be very efficient followed by salt + lime and alum. For fungal infection, alum was excellent followed by salt + lime both under laboratory and field condition. Even in the pond trial, alum and salt + lime successfully checked the occurrence of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) and similar diseases. In the case of medicinal plants, neem and akand together reduced the occurrence bacterial and fungal disease. Garlic was very efficient to check bacterial infection but weak against fungal disease. Turmeric and arrowroot were found to be highly effective against fungal disease but moderately effective against bacterial disease. Field trial revealed that Indian sorrel and guava were highly efficient against bacterial disease but poorly efficient against fungal disease. On the other hand, arrowroot and black cumin were highly efficient against fungal disease but moderately efficient against bacterial disease. The results would be useful to the all concerned for proper health management of cultured fishes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14932 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 385-390, 2012

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Isolation of bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila and therapeutic effects of medicinal plants on its invasion

Journal of Fisheries ◽

10.17017/jfish.v2i1.2014.22 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Md. Tareq-Uz-Zaman ◽

Md. Bazlur Rashid Chowdhury ◽

Md. Rasheduzzaman Khan Dipu

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plants ◽

Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽

Control Measure ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Effective Control ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Pathogenicity Test

Aeromonas hydrophila, a bacterial pathogen, was isolated form Pangasius hypophthalmus. For pathogenicity test, different doses were injected intramuscularly in Barbonymus gonionotus. Crude extracts were prepared from various parts Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, C. zedoaria, and Callotropis gigentia and applied to B. gonionotus for 7 days. Bath treatment was done up to their tolerance level and well ventilation was confirmed for aeration and 50% water was exchanged daily. Minimum inhibitory dose was detected as 7 mg/ml. High inhibitory effect was observed in case of A. indica and mixed extract of A. indica and C. gigentia. Both A. indica and C. gigentia showed the best result with 90-95% recovery of infected fish at a dose of 7 mg/l. C. zedoaria showed moderate to weak effect with 50-60% recovery at the same dose. The present study showed that medicinal plants would be an effective control measure against A. hydrophila.

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Medicinal Plants, Bioactive Compounds, and Dietary Therapies for Treating Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

10.5772/intechopen.96470 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chinaza Godswill Awuchi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Mangifera Indica

Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, and dietary measures have been found to be effective in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). About 463 million people have diabetes worldwide; estimates project 700 million people by 2045. While T1DM is caused by the loss of beta cells of pancreatic islets that produce insulin, resulting in the deficiency of insulin, T2DM, which constitutes over 90 to 95% of all DM cases, is caused by insulin resistance, and could relatively combine reduction in the secretion of insulin. Aloe vera, Terminalia chebula, Perilla frutescens, Curcuma longa, Zingiber zerumbet, Nigella sativa, Gongronema latifolium, Pachira aquatic, Caesalpinioideae, Azadirachta indica, Artemisia dracunculus, Artemisia herbaalba, Vachellia nilotica, Abelmoschus moschatus, Cinnamomum verum, Salvia officinalis, Tinospora cordifoli, Pterocarpus, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Mangifera indica, Syzygium cumini, Coccinia grandis, Caesalpinia bonduc, Gymnema sylvestre, Carthamus tinctorius, Allium sativum, and Trigonella foenum-graecum are among the medicinal plants shown to be effective in controlling and treating T1DM and T2DM. Bioactive compounds such as lycopene, vitamin E, vitamin D, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, hesperidin, naringin, anthocyanin, etc. are useful in treating T1DM and T2DM.

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Persian herbal medicine in functional dyspepsia: a systematic review article.

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163817666200611132831 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Azimi ◽

Mohammad Javad Zahedi

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Herbal Medicine ◽

Functional Dyspepsia ◽

Nigella Sativa ◽

Curcuma Longa ◽

Crocus Sativus ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Asparagus Racemosus ◽

Gastric Accommodation ◽

Cynara Scolymus

Introduction: According to Rome IV, functional dyspepsia is diagnosed with presence of dyspepsia in the absence of organic or metabolic causes. FD caused by several factors such as impaired gastric accommodation and hypersensitivity to gastric distention. Several studies have reported effectiveness of herbal medicine on FD. This article, thus, reviews Persian herbal medicine in FD. Method: Electronic databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrain, Embase, Web of science and Ovid were searched so as to find clinical articles related to dyspepsia and herbal medicine by July 2019. Our search strategies were traditional medicine, complementary and alternative medicine, herb, plant, and dyspepsia. We excluded all articles except Persian clinical trials. Results: We found 34 clinical trials with 15 herbs and 4 compound herbal remedies like Asparagus racemosus, Brassica oleracea, Cynara scolymus, Ocimum basilicum, Mentha longifolia, Mentha pulegium, Mentha piperata, Pimpinella anisum, Nigella sativa, Mastic gum, Curcuma longa, Pistatio atlantica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Solanum tuberosum and Zingiber officinale and compound remedies of Rosa damascene & Crocus sativus, Trachyspermum copticom & Apium graveolence, Carum carvi & Mentha pipperata, Gingiber officinalis & Cynara scolymus are effective in functional dyspepsia. Conclusion: Many people use herbal and traditional remedies for treatment of disorders such as gastrointestinal disordersو , especially in Asian countries. Several studies reported the efficacy of herbal medicine in functional dyspepsia. Although their mechanisms are not fully understood, it seems they can modulate GI motility and improve symptoms of FD.

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A Facile One-pot Synthesis of Substituted Quinolines via Cascade Friedlander Reaction from Isoxazoles with Ammonium Formate-Pd/C and Ketones

Letters in Organic Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1570178616666190618091617 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 211-215

Author(s):

Da Chen ◽

Xuan Wang ◽

Runnan Wang ◽

Yao Zhan ◽

Xiaohan Peng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Transfer ◽

Ammonium Formate ◽

Aromatic Ketone ◽

Reaction Conditions ◽

One Pot ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Strong Base ◽

Aromatic Ketones ◽

Substituted Quinolines ◽

New Strategy

The Friedlander reaction is the most commonly used method to synthesis substituted quinolines, the essential intermediates in the medicine industry. A facile one-pot approach for synthesizing substituted quinolines by the reaction of isoxazoles, ammonium formate-Pd/C, concentrated sulfuric acid, methanol and ketones using Friedlander reaction conditions is reported. Procedures for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives were optimized, and the yield was up to 90.4%. The yield of aromatic ketones bearing electron-withdrawing groups was better than the ones with electron-donating substituents. The structures of eight substituted quinolines were characterized by MS, IR, H-NMR and 13CNMR, which were in agreement with the expected structures. The mechanism for the conversion was proposed, which involved the Pd/C catalytic hydrogen transfer reduction of unsaturated five-membered ring of isoxazole to produce ortho-amino aromatic ketones. Then the nucleophilic addition of with carbonyl of the ketones generated Schiff base in situ, which underwent an intermolecular aldol reaction followed by the elimination of H2O to give production of substituted quinolines. This new strategy can be readily applied for the construction of quinolines utilizing a diverse range of ketones and avoids the post-reaction separation of the o-amino aromatic ketone compounds. The conventionally used o-amino aromatic ketone compounds in Friedlander reaction to prepare substituted quinoline are laborious to synthesize and are apt to self-polymerize. While oxazole adopted in this work can be prepared at ease by the condensation of benzoacetonitrile and nitrobenzene derivatives under the catalysis of a strong base. Moreover, the key features of this protocol are readily available starting materials, excellent functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and feasibility for scaling up.

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Atezolizumab-induced myositis and myocarditis in a patient with metastatic urothelial carcinoma

BMJ Case Reports ◽

10.1136/bcr-2020-236357 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. e236357

Author(s):

Mary Sessums ◽

Siva Yarrarapu ◽

Pramod K Guru ◽

Devang K Sanghavi

Keyword(s):

Urothelial Carcinoma ◽

Immune Checkpoint ◽

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Diverse Range ◽

History Of ◽

Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma ◽

Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionised cancer therapy in the past decade. Although they have been indicated to treat a diverse range of malignant neoplasms, they are also associated with various immune-related adverse effects. We report the case of a 74-year-old man with a history of urothelial carcinoma who had atezolizumab-induced myocarditis and myositis resulting in acute hypercapnic respiratory failure, despite the discontinuation of atezolizumab and aggressive treatment with corticosteroids. This case highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for early diagnosis and treatment of immune-related adverse events. Physicians must be aware of the risks associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and have a basic knowledge regarding their management.

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