Kratom and Future Treatment for the Opioid Addiction and Chronic Pain: Periculo Beneficium?

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismaliza Ismail ◽  
Suzaily Wahab ◽  
Hatta Sidi ◽  
Srijit Das ◽  
Loo Jiann Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Opioid Addiction ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Substitution Therapy ◽  
Mitragyna Speciosa ◽  
Reward Pathways ◽  
Potential Use

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a naturally existing plant found in South-East Asia, is traditionally used as a herb to help elevate a person’s energy and also to treat numerous medical ailments. Other than the analgesic property, kratom has been used as an agent to overcome opioid withdrawal as it contains natural alkaloids, i.e. mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and MGM-9, which has agonist affinity on the opioid receptors, including mu (µ) and kappa (κ). The role of neural reward pathways linked to µ-opioid receptors and both dopaminergic and gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons that express µ-opioid receptors were deliberated. However, kratom has been reported to be abused together with other illicit substances with high risk of potential addiction. There are also anecdotes of adverse effects and toxicity of kratom, i.e. tremor, fatigue, seizure, and death. Different countries have distinctive regulation and policy on the plantation and use of this plant when most of the countries banned the use of it because of its addiction problems and side effects. The aim of this review is to highlight on the potential use of kratom, unique ‘herbs” as a substitution therapy for chronic pain and opioid addiction, based on the neurobiological perspective of pain and the underlying mechanism of actions of drug addiction.

scholarly journals Is It Feasible of Prophylactic Alpha-5 GABA(A) Receptor Blockade for Preventing POCD?

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Fuzhou Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gaba A ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Inhalational Anesthetics ◽  
Exploratory Data

GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). It plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system. Also GABA activation is considered as the basis of general anesthesia including intravenous and inhalational anesthetics. Meanwhile, cumulating evidence indicated that GABA is the underlying mechanism of post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Based on these findings, researchers are beginning to focus on GABA as the target to treat POCD, but they ignored the role of GABA in the performance of general anesthesia, especially when the blockade of GABA was given prior to surgery. It is undoubtedly risking our patients in intra-operative awareness. Our exploratory data also verified our hypothesis in which the GABA inhibition would reduce the efficacy of inhalational anesthetics.

scholarly journals Exosomes in Food: Health Benefits and Clinical Relevance in Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 687-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javaria Munir ◽  
Mihye Lee ◽  
Seongho Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Membrane Bound ◽  
Potential Use

ABSTRACT Exosomes are membrane-bound organelles generally secreted by eukaryotic cells that contain mRNAs, microRNAs, and/or proteins. However, recent studies have reported the isolation of these particles from foods such as lemon, ginger, and milk. Owing to their absorption by intestinal cells and further travel via the bloodstream, exosomes can reach distant organs and affect overall health in both infants and adults. The potential role of food-derived exosomes (FDEs) in alleviating diseases, as well as in modulating the gut microbiota has been shown, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Moreover, exosomes may provide biocompatible vehicles for the delivery of anti-cancer drugs, such as doxorubicin. Thus, exosomes may allow medical nutritionists and clinicians to develop safe and targeted therapies for the treatment of various pathologies. The present review introduces FDEs and their contents, highlights their role in disease and infant/adult health, and explores their potential use as therapeutic agents.

Exploring the Chemistry of Alkaloids from Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and the Role of Oxindoles on Human Opioid Receptors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson Jeng-Yeou Chear ◽  
Francisco León ◽  
Abhisheak Sharma ◽  
Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri ◽  
Grant Zwolinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Mitragyna Speciosa

The epigenetic mechanisms involved in chronic pain in rodents: A mini-review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Xu ◽  
Cui-Cui Liu ◽  
Wen-Jun Xin
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanism ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Functional Regulation

: Chronic pain, as a common distressing neurological disorder, about 30% of the global population suffers from it. In addition to being highly prevalent, chronic pain causes heavy economic and social burden. Although substantial progress has been achieved to dissect the underlying mechanism of chronic pain in the past few decades, the incidence and treatment of this neurological illness is yet not properly managed in clinical practice. While nerve injury-, chemotherapy- or inflammation-induced functional regulation of gene expression in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord are extensively reported to be involved in the pathogenic process of chronic pain, the specific mechanism of these altered transcriptional profile still remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA/RNA methylation, histone modification and circular RNAs regulation, are involved in the occurrence and development of chronic pain. In this review, we provide a description of research on the role of epigenetic mechanism in chronic pain, summarize the latest clinical and preclinical advance in this field, and propose the potential directions for further research to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of chronic pain.

scholarly journals The Role of the Kynurenine Signaling Pathway in Different Chronic Pain Conditions and Potential Use of Therapeutic Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 6045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Jovanovic ◽  
Kenneth D. Candido ◽  
Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Chronic Pain Patients ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Pain Conditions ◽  
Pain Patients ◽  
Potential Use

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential, aromatic amino acid catabolized by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) enzymes into kynurenine. The IDO enzyme is expressed in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Another enzyme of interest in the kynurenine signaling pathway is kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO). The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of TRP and the kynurenine signaling pathway in different chronic pain patients. The IDO-1, IDO-2, and KMO enzymes and the kynurenine metabolite have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and other painful conditions (migraine, cluster headache, etc.) as well as depressive behavior. We highlighted the analgesic potential of novel agents targeting the enzymes of the kynurenine signaling pathway to explore their efficacy in both future basic science and transitional studies. Upcoming studies conducted on animal models will need to take into consideration the differences in TRP metabolism between human and non-human species. Since chronic painful conditions and depression have common pathophysiological patterns, and the kynurenine signaling pathway is involved in both of them, future clinical studies should aim to have outcomes targeting not only pain, but also functionality, mood changes, and quality of life.

Role of Ethnicity on Pain Perception, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in a Pediatric Chronic Pain Population

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey I. Gold ◽  
Trina Haselrig ◽  
D. Colette Nicolaou ◽  
Katharine A. Belmont
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Pediatric Chronic Pain

Role of Cardiac MRI in Detecting Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Marymol Koshy ◽  
Bushra Johari ◽  
Mohd Farhan Hamdan ◽  
Mohammad Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Potential Use

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a global disease affecting people of various ethnic origins and both genders. HCM is a genetic disorder with a wide range of symptoms, including the catastrophic presentation of sudden cardiac death. Proper diagnosis and treatment of this disorder can relieve symptoms and prolong life. Non-invasive imaging is essential in diagnosing HCM. We present a review to deliberate the potential use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in HCM assessment and also identify the risk factors entailed with risk stratification of HCM based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

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