An Insight in Pathophysiological Mechanism of Alzheimer’s Disease and its Management using Plant Natural Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeba Firdaus ◽  
Tryambak Deo Singh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Drug Development Research ◽  
Sites Of Action

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-associated nervous system disorder and a leading cause of dementia worldwide. Clinically it is described by cognitive impairment, and pathophysiologically by deposition of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain and neurodegeneration. This article reviews the pathophysiology, course of neuronal degeneration, and the various possible hypothesis of AD progression. These hypotheses include amyloid cascade, tau hyperphosphorylation, cholinergic disruption, metal dysregulation, vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. There is an exponential increase in the occurrence of the AD in recent few years that indicate an urgent need to develop some effective treatment. Currently, only 2 classes of drugs are available for AD treatment namely acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and NMDA receptor antagonist. Since AD is a complex neurological disorder and these drugs use a single target approach, alternatives are needed due to limited effectiveness and unpleasant side-effects of these drugs. Currently, plants have been used for drug development research especially because of their multiple sites of action and fewer side effects. Uses of some herbs and phytoconstituents for the management of neuronal disorders like AD have been documented in this article. Phytochemical screening of these plants shows the presence of many beneficial constituents like flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, sterols, polyphenols, and tannins. These compounds show a wide array of pharmacological activities such as anti-amyloidogenic, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant. This article summarizes the present understanding of AD progression and gathers biochemical evidence from various works on natural products that can be useful in the management of this disease.

Beyond Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Novel Cholinergic Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asante R. Kamkwalala ◽  
Paul A. Newhouse
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Receptor System ◽  
Limited Effectiveness

The major components of the cholinergic receptor system of the human brain include projections from the basal forebrain nuclei, and utilize the two types of receptors that they synapse on, nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. With the widespread cortical and subcortical projections of the basal forebrain, activity of these two receptor systems provide modulation of neurotransmitter activity underlying normal cognitive processes, such as attention, episodic memory, and working memory. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) targets and damages cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, and as these projections are lost, cognitive performance progressively declines. Currently, the most widely prescribed treatment for AD is acetylcholinesterase inhibitor medications, which work by partially blocking the degradation of acetylcholine in the synapse and enabling more of the neurotransmitter to reach and activate cholinergic receptors. However since these medications have limited effectiveness, alternate treatments that focus on augmenting the activity of the receptors themselves, independent of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, are being explored. This review will discuss: 1) the role of the cholinergic system in modulating cognition, 2) novel cholinergic treatment strategies for AD-related cognitive decline, in particular treatments intended to increase cholinergic system activity by selectively targeting muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors to improve cognitive performance, 3) risks, and additional considerations for cholinergic cognitive treatments for AD.

scholarly journals Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by natural products

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-644
Author(s):  
Sana CHOUGLE ◽  
Dinesh KUMAR ◽  
Andleeb KHAN ◽  
Sadaf ZEHRA ◽  
Ahmad ALİ
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Permanent Cure ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurological disorder that progressively affects the brain cells. It is sometimes accompanied with dementia and commonly seen in elderly people. It ultimately leads to impaired cognitive functions and loss of memory. Widely used drugs such as donepezil and galantamine successfully abate mild to moderate symptoms of the disease though they have profound side effects. Natural products have been a source of medicine for over thousands of years. Plant secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. are major sources of such medicines. In recent times, the use of natural products to treat various diseases has gained a lot of popularity. Extensive research is being undertaken to identify and isolate various natural products that can be used to not only reduce the disease symptoms but also as a permanent cure. The review article aims to summarize the effects of various natural products and their neuroprotective mechanisms that can be helpful to cure Alzheimer’s disease.

Natural Anti-inflammatory compounds as Drug candidates in Alzheimer’s disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyaz Hassan Mir ◽  
Abdul Jalil Shah ◽  
Roohi Mohi-ud-din ◽  
Faheem Hyder Potoo ◽  
Mohd. Akbar Dar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative brain disorder characterized by memory impairment, dementia, oxidative stress in elderly people. Currently, only a few drugs are available in the market with various adverse effects. So to develop new drugs with protective action against the disease, research is turning to the identification of plant products as a remedy. Natural compounds with anti-inflammatory activity could be good candidates for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Phytochemicals including Curcumin, Resveratrol, Quercetin, Huperzine-A, Rosmarinic acid, genistein, obovatol, and Oxyresvertarol were reported molecules for the treatment of AD. Several alkaloids such as galantamine, oridonin, glaucocalyxin B, tetrandrine, berberine, anatabine have been shown anti-inflammatory effects in AD models in vitro as well as in-vivo. In conclusion, natural products from plants represent interesting candidates for the treatment of AD. This review highlights the potential of specific compounds from natural products along with their synthetic derivatives to counteract AD in the CNS.

Therapeutic Properties of Several Chemical Compounds from Salvia officinalis L. in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiana Uță ◽  
Denisa Ștefania Manolescu ◽  
Speranța Avram
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
In Silico Studies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Salvia Officinalis L

Background.: Currently, the pharmacological management in Alzheimer's disease is based on several chemical structures, represented by acetylcholinesterase and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ligands, with still unclear molecular mechanisms, but severe side effects. For this reason, a challenge for Alzheimer's disease treatment remains to identify new drugs with reduced side effects. Recently, the natural compounds, in particular certain chemical compounds identified in the essential oil of peppermint, sage, grapes, sea buckthorn, have increased interest as possible therapeutics. Objectives.: In this paper, we have summarized data from the recent literature, on several chemical compounds extracted from Salvia officinalis L., with therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's disease. Methods.: In addition to the wide range of experimental methods performed in vivo and in vitro, also we presented some in silico studies of medicinal compounds. Results. Through this mini-review, we present the latest information regarding the therapeutic characteristics of natural compounds isolated from Salvia officinalis L. in Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion.: Thus, based on the information presented, we can say that phytotherapy is a reliable therapeutic method in a neurodegenerative disease.

Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis in Alzheimer’s Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (13) ◽  
pp. 1267-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E. Reesink ◽  
D. Vállez García ◽  
C.A. Sánchez-Catasús ◽  
D.E. Peretti ◽  
A.T. Willemsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Pet Imaging ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Crossed Cerebellar Diaschisis ◽  
Amyloid Accumulation ◽  
Cerebellar Diaschisis ◽  
18F Fdg

Background: We describe the phenomenon of crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) in four subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) according to the National Institute on Aging - Alzheimer Association (NIA-AA) criteria, in combination with 18F-FDG PET and 11C-PiB PET imaging. Methods: 18F-FDG PET showed a pattern of cerebral metabolism with relative decrease most prominent in the frontal-parietal cortex of the left hemisphere and crossed hypometabolism of the right cerebellum. 11C-PiB PET showed symmetrical amyloid accumulation, but a lower relative tracer delivery (a surrogate of relative cerebral blood flow) in the left hemisphere. CCD is the phenomenon of unilateral cerebellar hypometabolism as a remote effect of supratentorial dysfunction of the brain in the contralateral hemisphere. The mechanism implies the involvement of the cortico-ponto-cerebellar fibers. The pathophysiology is thought to have a functional or reversible basis but can also reflect in secondary morphologic change. CCD is a well-recognized phenomenon, since the development of new imaging techniques, although scarcely described in neurodegenerative dementias. Results: To our knowledge this is the first report describing CCD in AD subjects with documentation of both 18F-FDG PET and 11C-PiB PET imaging. CCD in our subjects was explained on a functional basis due to neurodegenerative pathology in the left hemisphere. There was no structural lesion and the symmetric amyloid accumulation did not correspond with the unilateral metabolic impairment. Conclusion: This suggests that CCD might be caused by non-amyloid neurodegeneration. The pathophysiological mechanism, clinical relevance and therapeutic implications of CCD and the role of the cerebellum in AD need further investigation.

Natural product-based nanomedicine: Recent advances and issues for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Choy Ker Woon ◽  
Wong Kah Hui ◽  
Razif Abas ◽  
Muhammad Huzaimi Haron ◽  
Srijit Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Progressive Neurodegeneration ◽  
The Brain

: Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects the elderly and is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration caused by different pathologies. The most significant challenges in treating AD include the inability of medications to reach the brain because of its poor solubility, low bioavailability, and the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, current evidence suggests the disruption of BBB plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. One of the critical challenges in treating AD is the ineffective treatments and its severe adverse effects. Nanotechnology offers an alternative approach to facilitate the treatment of AD by overcoming the challenges in drug transport across the BBB. Various nanoparticles (NP) loaded with natural products were reported to aid in drug delivery for the treatment of AD. The nano- sized entities of NP are great platforms for incorporating active materials from natural products into formulations that can be delivered effectively to the intended action site without compromising the material’s bioactivity. The review highlights the applications of medicinal plants, their derived components, and various nanomedicine-based approaches for the treatment of AD. The combination of medicinal plants and nanotechnology may lead to new theragnostic solutions for the treatment of AD in the future.

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