In Vivo Acute Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oils: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Groli Lucca ◽  
Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão ◽  
Márcia Vignoli-Silva ◽  
Valdir F. da Veiga-Junior ◽  
Letícia S. Koester
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

: In recent years, there was a significant increase in the search for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this sense, natural products emerge as a potential source for the discovery of new drugs, with the research of the pharmacological properties of these products being very important. In addition to its function in plants (insect attraction and repellency), essential oils present pharmacological effects, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antimutagenic, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this review, we describe the mostly used in vivo acute inflammatory experimental models and the studies showing the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils. Essential oil from species from the Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Burseraceae, Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Poaceae, Rutaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae families were described as being anti-inflammatory in vivo. Five models of acute inflammation are commonly used to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo: ear and paw edema, pleurisy, peritonitis and the subcutaneous air pouch model. In addition to in vivo analysis, ex vivo and in vitro experiments are carried out to study the anti-inflammatory action of essential oils. The most commonly used model was paw edema, especially due to this model being easy to perform. In order to suggest or elucidate the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effect, many studies measured some inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, COX-2 expression and the levels of PGE2, and NO, or evaluated the effect of essential oils or their major compounds on inflammation response directly induced by inflammatory mediators.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON IN VIVO AND IN VITRO EXPERIMENTAL MODELS TO INVESTIGATE THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF HERBAL EXTRACTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Inayat Kabir ◽  
Imtiyaz Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Reference Model ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Herbal Extracts ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
Arthritis Models ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The article emphasizes the anti-inflammatory effects of herbal extracts on different experimental models that are repeatedly used to test the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of herbal components. Edema, granuloma and arthritis models are used to test the anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts whereas formalin or acetic acid-induced writhing test and hot plate methods are the most repeatedly used to evaluate anti-nociceptive potentials of the herbal extracts. Although adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritis models are also quite efficient, they have been used seldom to evaluate anti-inflammatory tendencies of the herbs. Here, we suggest a double positive reference model using both steroid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at the same time, instead of using only one of them either.

scholarly journals Extract from Bougainvillea xbuttiana (Variety Orange) Inhibits Production of LPS-Induced Inflammatory Mediators in Macrophages and Exerts a Protective Effect In Vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Abarca-Vargas ◽  
Vera L. Petricevich
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Nitric Oxide Release ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Secretion Of Mediators ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background. Different pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory properties, have been described among natural products. We previously described that the Bougainvillea xbuttiana (Variety Orange) ethanolic extract (BxbO) has an anti-inflammatory effect; however, this action is not fully understood. In this study, the action of the BxbO extract on the secretion of inflammatory mediators in two experimental models, in vitro and in vivo, after LPS challenge was evaluated. Methods. Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from female BALB/c mice and LPS-challenged with or without the BxbO extract. For the evaluation of mediators, the supernatants at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours were collected. For in vivo estimation, groups of female BALB/c mice were first intraperitoneously injected with different amounts of LPS and later administered the oral BxbO extract (v.o.) for 144 hours. To understand the mechanism of action, sera obtained from mice were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after LPS challenge (with or without BxbO) for the detection of mediators. Results. The results showed that, in both peritoneal macrophages and sera of mice treated with the BxbO extract 1 hour before or together with LPS challenge, proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide release were unquestionably repressed. In contrast, in both systems studied here, the IL-10 levels were elevated to 5 to 9 times. At lethal doses of LPS, the BxbO extract treatment was found to protect animals from death. Conclusions. The results revealed that the inhibitory, protective, and benign effects of the BxbO extract were due to its capacity to balance the secretion of mediators.

scholarly journals In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Nepafenac-Based Cyclodextrin Microparticles for Treatment of Eye Inflammation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Lorenzo-Veiga ◽  
Patricia Diaz-Rodriguez ◽  
Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo ◽  
Thorsteinn Loftsson ◽  
Hakon Hrafn Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Negative Zeta Potential

The aim of this study was to design and evaluate novel cyclodextrin (CD)-based aggregate formulations to efficiently deliver nepafenac topically to the eye structure, to treat inflammation and increase nepafenac levels in the posterior segment, thus attenuating the response of inflammatory mediators. The physicochemical properties of nine aggregate formulations containing nepafenac/γ-CD/hydroxypropyl-β (HPβ)-CD complexes as well as their rheological properties, mucoadhesion, ocular irritancy, corneal and scleral permeability, and anti-inflammatory activity were investigated in detail. The results were compared with a commercially available nepafenac suspension, Nevanac® 3 mg/mL. All formulations showed microparticles, neutral pH, and negative zeta potential (–6 to –27 mV). They were non-irritating and nontoxic and showed high permeation through bovine sclera. Formulations containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) showed greater anti-inflammatory activity, even higher than the commercial formulation, Nevanac® 0.3%. The optimized formulations represent an opportunity for topical instillation of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effects of Traditional Herbal Formula Pyungwi-San on Inflammatory ResponseIn VitroandIn Vivo

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Young Cha ◽  
Ji Yun Jung ◽  
Jae Yup Jung ◽  
Jong Rok Lee ◽  
Il Je Cho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Herbal Formula ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Pyungwi-san (PWS) is a traditional basic herbal formula. We investigated the effects of PWS on induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) as well as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in lipopolysaccharide-(LPS-) induced Raw 264.7 cells and on paw edema in rats. Treatment with PWS (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/mL) resulted in inhibited levels of expression of LPS-induced COX-2, iNOS, NF-κB, and MAPKs as well as production of prostaglandin E2(PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF-αinduced by LPS. Our results demonstrate that PWS possesses anti-inflammatory activities via decreasing production of pro-inflammatory mediators through suppression of the signaling pathways of NF-κB and MAPKs in LPS-induced macrophage cells. More importantly, results of the carrageenan-(CA-) induced paw edema demonstrate an anti-edema effect of PWS. In addition, it is considered that PWS also inhibits the acute edematous inflammations through suppression of mast cell degranulations and inflammatory mediators, including COX-2, iNOS and TNF-α. Thus, our findings may provide scientific evidence to explain the anti-inflammatory properties of PWSin vitroandin vivo.

In vitro and in vivo delivery of atorvastatin: A comparative study of anti-inflammatory activity of atorvastatin loaded copolymeric micelles

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1127-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Andalib ◽  
Pezhman Molhemazar ◽  
Hossein Danafar
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Rat Paw Edema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Statins have been shown to exert ‘pleiotropic effects’ independent of their cholesterol lowering actions that include anti-inflammatory properties. In this study we synthesized mono methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)–poly (ε-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) di block copolymers. The structure of the copolymers was characterized by H nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and gel permeation chromatography techniques. In this method, atorvastatin was encapsulated within micelles through a single-step nano-precipitation method, leading to the formation of atorvastatin-loaded mPEG-PCL (atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL) micelles. The resulting micelles were characterized further by various techniques such as dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy. In this study the anti-inflammatory activity of atorvastatin and atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL micelles on acute models of inflammation are analyzed, to compare the effect of indometacin in rats. Carrageenan induces rat paw edema; six animals of each group (10 groups) received indometacin, atorvastatin, and atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL micelles orally 1, 6, 12 and 24 h before carrageenan injection in paw. The paw edema thickness measured at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after injection and percentage inhibition of edema in various groups were calculated. The results showed that the zeta potential of micelles was about −16.6 mV and the average size was 81.7 nm. Atorvastatin was encapsulated into mPEG-PCL micelles with loading capacity of 14.60 ± 0.96% and encapsulation efficiency of 62.50 ± 0.84%. Atorvastatin and atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL micelles showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in the present study. The anti-inflammatory activity of atorvastatin and atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL micelles was significant in comparison with indometacin. Atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL micelles showed more anti-inflammatory activity than atorvastatin. This study revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of atorvastatin and atorvastatin/mPEG-PCL micelles and suggested the statins have a potential inflammatory activity along with its lipid lowering properties. Contrary to anti-inflammatory effects, the pro-inflammatory responses are independent of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition and can be mediated directly by atorvastatin.

scholarly journals In Vivo Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect ofPistacia lentiscusFruit Oil and Its Effects on Oxidative Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameh Ben Khedir ◽  
Masarra Mzid ◽  
Sana Bardaa ◽  
Dorsaf Moalla ◽  
Zouheir Sahnoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Natural Health Products ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Fruit Oil ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

In order to find new topical anti-inflammatory agents, we had recourse to a medicinal plant. This work was designed to determine the topical anti-inflammatory effect ofPistacia lentiscusfruit oil (PLFO), using carrageenan-induced paw edema rat model, and to evaluate its effects on oxidative stress. The topical anti-inflammatory activity of PLFO was compared to Inflocine® and estimated by measuring the diameter of paw edema, for 5 hours at a 1-hour interval. After that the rats were scarified and the inflamed paw tissue was removed for the exploration of some parameters of oxidative stress and histopathology. PLFO showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity in comparison with the Inflocine. The percentages of edema inhibition were 70% and % 51.5% (p<0.01), respectively, after five hours. The treatment with PLFO and Inflocine led to significant increases (p≤0.05) in the activities of CAT, SOD, and GPX and significant decreases in the MDA level and AOPP activity in the paw tissue after Carr injection, in comparison with the Carr group. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that PLFO might accelerate the development of new drugs which could be used scientifically as a source for natural health products in the treatment of topical inflammation.

scholarly journals Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Terpenes in Experimental Models (2010–2020): A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5430
Author(s):  
Maria Elaine Araruna ◽  
Catarina Serafim ◽  
Edvaldo Alves Júnior ◽  
Clelia Hiruma-Lima ◽  
Margareth Diniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) refer to a group of disorders characterized by inflammation in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, which mainly comprises Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBDs are characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, are highly debilitating, and are without a definitive cure. Their pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated; however, it is assumed that genetic, immunological, and environmental factors are involved. People affected by IBDs have relapses, and therapeutic regimens are not always able to keep symptoms in remission over the long term. Natural products emerge as an alternative for the development of new drugs; bioactive compounds are promising in the treatment of several disorders, among them those that affect the gastrointestinal tract, due to their wide structural diversity and biological activities. This review compiles 12 terpenes with intestinal anti-inflammatory activity evaluated in animal models and in vitro studies. The therapeutic approach to IBDs using terpenes acts basically to prevent oxidative stress, combat dysbiosis, restore intestinal permeability, and improve the inflammation process in different signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Sorbaria kirilowii Ethanol Extract Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting Src/Nuclear Factor (NF)-κB

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwon Jang ◽  
Jong Sub Lee ◽  
Young-Jin Jang ◽  
Eui Su Choung ◽  
Wan Yi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
No Production ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Inflammation is a fundamental process for defending against foreign antigens that involves various transcriptional regulatory processes as well as molecular signaling pathways. Despite its protective roles in the human body, the activation of inflammation may also convey various diseases including autoimmune disease and cancer. Sorbaria kirilowii is a plant originating from Asia, with no anti-inflammatory activity reported. In this paper, we discovered an anti-inflammatory effect of S. kirilowii ethanol extract (Sk-EE) both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro effects of Sk-EE were determined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, while ex vivo analysis was performed using peritoneal macrophages of thioglycollate (TG)-induced mice. Sk-EE significantly reduced the nitric oxide (NO) production of induced macrophages and inhibited the expression of inflammation-related cytokines and the activation of transcription factors. Moreover, treatment with Sk-EE also decreased the activation of proteins involved in nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling cascade; among them, Src was a prime target of Sk-EE. For in vivo assessment of the anti-inflammatory effect of Sk-EE, HCl/EtOH was given by the oral route to mice for gastritis induction. Sk-EE injection dose-dependently reduced the inflammatory lesion area of the stomach in gastritis-induced mice. Taking these results together, Sk-EE exerts its anti-inflammatory activity by regulating intracellular NF-κB signaling pathways and also shows an authentic effect on reducing gastric inflammation.

LIPID NANOPARTICLES FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF CELECOXIB: AN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO INVESTIGATION

INDIAN DRUGS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (08) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
S. V Shinde ◽  
S Nikam ◽  
P Raut ◽  
M. K. Ghag ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

In the present research work, celecoxib (CXB) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared using the probe sonication method, wherein Glyceryl monostearate and Tween 80 were used as solid lipid and surfactant, respectively. To obtain the statistically optimized batch, 32 factorial design was applied. The optimized batch was characterized physicochemically and evaluated through DSC, SEM and XRD studies. The mean particle size of the optimized batch was found to be 135.41± 0.24 nm with a mean % entrapment efficiency of 80 ± 1.69%. The optimized batch was further lyophilized and dispersed into 1% w/v Carbopol 934P to form a gel. Prepared gel was further evaluated for in vitro drug release, occlusivity, ex vivo permeability, local toxicity, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity and accelerated stability study. The study resulted in stable, safe and prolonged anti-inflammatory activity with quick onset of action. Hence, celecoxib loaded solid lipid nanoparticles can be considered as promising alternative to conventional topical systems.

Inhibition of iNOS by Benzimidazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Docking, and Biological Evaluations

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Minhas ◽  
Yogita Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Benzimidazole Derivatives ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Rat Paw Edema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inos Inhibitors ◽  
Rat Paw

Background: Inducible nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) plays a key role in the progression of inflammatory diseases by accelerating the production of NO, which makes it an intriguing target to treat inflammation in complex diseases. Therefore, the search is on to develop molecules as selective iNOS inhibitors. Objective: The present work was aimed to design, synthesize and evaluate benzimidazole-coumarin coupled molecules as anti-iNOS agents through in silico and pharmacological studies. Methods: A critical study of literature reports on iNOS inhibitors led to the selection of a (un)substituted coumarin nucleus, 2-aminobenzimidazole, and a 4-atom linker as important structural components for iNOS inhibition. Two series of compounds (7-16 and 17-26) were designed and synthesized by coupling these components. The compounds were subjected to docking using iNOS (1QW4) and nNOS (1QW6) as targets. All compounds were evaluated for NO and iNOS inhibitory activities in vitro. The selected compound was finally evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in vivo using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Results : All compounds showed moderate to good inhibition of NO and iNOS in vitro. Compound 12 was the most potent inhibitor of NO and iNOS. Hence, it was evaluated in vivo for toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity. It was found to be safe in acute toxicity studies, and effective in reducing the rat paw edema significantly. Its anti-inflammatory behaviour was similar to that of aminoguanidine, which is a selective iNOS inhibitor. Conclusion: The newly synthesized benzimidazole-coumarin hybrids may serve as potential leads for the development of novel anti-iNOS agents.

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