Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa Aljohani ◽  
Waleed M. Hussein ◽  
Istvan Toth ◽  
Pavla Simerska
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Group A ◽  
To Come ◽  
Near Future

Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.

scholarly journals Vaccines and global health

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1579) ◽  
pp. 2733-2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Greenwood ◽  
David Salisbury ◽  
Adrian V. S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
New Vaccines

Vaccines have made a major contribution to global health in recent decades but they could do much more. In November 2011, a Royal Society discussion meeting, ‘New vaccines for global health’, was held in London to discuss the past contribution of vaccines to global health and to consider what more could be expected in the future. Papers presented at the meeting reviewed recent successes in the deployment of vaccines against major infections of childhood and the challenges faced in developing vaccines against some of the world's remaining major infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis. The important contribution that development of more effective veterinary vaccines could make to global health was also addressed. Some of the social and financial challenges to the development and deployment of new vaccines were reviewed. The latter issues were also discussed at a subsequent satellite meeting, ‘Accelerating vaccine development’, held at the Kavli Royal Society International Centre. Delegates at this meeting considered challenges to the more rapid development and deployment of both human and veterinary vaccines and how these might be addressed. Papers based on presentations at the discussion meeting and a summary of the main conclusions of the satellite meeting are included in this issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Group A Streptococcus Infections in The Gambia

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Sona Jabang ◽  
Annette Erhart ◽  
Saffiatou Darboe ◽  
Aru-Kumba Baldeh ◽  
Valerie Delforge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Strain Diversity ◽  
Group A ◽  
Considerable Strain

Molecular epidemiological data on Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection in Africa is scarce. We characterized the emm-types and emm-clusters of 433 stored clinical GAS isolates from The Gambia collected between 2004 and 2018. To reduce the potential for strain mistyping, we used a newly published primer for emm-typing. There was considerable strain diversity, highlighting the need for vaccine development offering broad strain protection.

scholarly journals Advances in Wheat and Pathogen Genomics: Implications for Disease Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Keller ◽  
Thomas Wicker ◽  
Simon G. Krattinger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Disease Resistance Breeding ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Made In

The gene pool of wheat and its wild and domesticated relatives contains a plethora of resistance genes that can be exploited to make wheat more resilient to pathogens. Only a few of these genes have been isolated and studied at the molecular level. In recent years, we have seen a shift from classical breeding to genomics-assisted breeding, which makes use of the enormous advancements in DNA sequencing and high-throughput molecular marker technologies for wheat improvement. These genomic advancements have the potential to transform wheat breeding in the near future and to significantly increase the speed and precision at which new cultivars can be bred. This review highlights the genomic improvements that have been made in wheat and its pathogens over the past years and discusses their implications for disease-resistance breeding.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pyogenes evades adaptive immunity through specific IgG glycan hydrolysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (7) ◽  
pp. 1615-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Naegeli ◽  
Eleni Bratanis ◽  
Christofer Karlsson ◽  
Oonagh Shannon ◽  
Raja Kalluru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Invasive Infection ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Group A ◽  
Specific Igg

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus; GAS) is a human pathogen causing diseases from uncomplicated tonsillitis to life-threatening invasive infections. GAS secretes EndoS, an endoglycosidase that specifically cleaves the conserved N-glycan on IgG antibodies. In vitro, removal of this glycan impairs IgG effector functions, but its relevance to GAS infection in vivo is unclear. Using targeted mass spectrometry, we characterized the effects of EndoS on host IgG glycosylation during the course of infections in humans. Substantial IgG glycan hydrolysis occurred at the site of infection and systemically in the severe cases. We demonstrated decreased resistance to phagocytic killing of GAS lacking EndoS in vitro and decreased virulence in a mouse model of invasive infection. This is the first described example of specific bacterial IgG glycan hydrolysis during infection and thereby verifies the hypothesis that EndoS modifies antibodies in vivo. This mechanisms of immune evasion could have implications for treatment of severe GAS infections and for future efforts at vaccine development.

scholarly journals Survey of the bp/tee genes from clinical group A streptococcus isolates in New Zealand – implications for vaccine development

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (12) ◽  
pp. 1670-1678 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Steemson ◽  
Nicole J. Moreland ◽  
Deborah Williamson ◽  
Julie Morgan ◽  
Philip E. Carter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
T Antigen ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Individual

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is responsible for a wide range of diseases ranging from superficial infections, such as pharyngitis and impetigo, to life-threatening diseases, such as toxic shock syndrome and acute rheumatic fever (ARF). GAS pili are hair-like extensions protruding from the cell surface and consist of highly immunogenic structural proteins: the backbone pilin (BP) and one or two accessory pilins (AP1 and AP2). The protease-resistant BP builds the pilus shaft and has been recognized as the T-antigen, which forms the basis of a major serological typing scheme that is often used as a supplement to M typing. A previous sequence analysis of the bp gene (tee gene) in 39 GAS isolates revealed 15 different bp/tee types. In this study, we sequenced the bp/tee gene from 100 GAS isolates obtained from patients with pharyngitis, ARF or invasive disease in New Zealand. We found 20 new bp/tee alleles and four new bp/tee types/subtypes. No association between bp/tee type and clinical outcome was observed. We confirmed earlier reports that the emm type and tee type are associated strongly, but we also found exceptions, where multiple tee types could be found in certain M/emm type strains, such as M/emm89. We also reported, for the first time, the existence of a chimeric bp/tee allele, which was assigned into a new subclade (bp/tee3.1). A strong sequence conservation of the bp/tee gene was observed within the individual bp/tee types/subtypes (>97 % sequence identity), as well as between historical and contemporary New Zealand and international GAS strains. This temporal and geographical sequence stability provided further evidence for the potential use of the BP/T-antigen as a vaccine target.

scholarly journals Twenty-first century vaccines

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1579) ◽  
pp. 2756-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rino Rappuoli
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Meningococcal Meningitis ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Group A ◽  
Disability Free Life Expectancy ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Syncytial Virus

In the twentieth century, vaccination has been possibly the greatest revolution in health. Together with hygiene and antibiotics, vaccination led to the elimination of many childhood infectious diseases and contributed to the increase in disability-free life expectancy that in Western societies rose from 50 to 78–85 years (Crimmins, E. M. & Finch, C. E. 2006 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 498–503; Kirkwood, T. B. 2008 Nat. Med 10, 1177–1185). In the twenty-first century, vaccination will be expected to eliminate the remaining childhood infectious diseases, such as meningococcal meningitis, respiratory syncytial virus, group A streptococcus, and will address the health challenges of this century such as those associated with ageing, antibiotic resistance, emerging infectious diseases and poverty. However, for this to happen, we need to increase the public trust in vaccination so that vaccines can be perceived as the best insurance against most diseases across all ages.

scholarly journals Immunogenicity Assessment of Different Segments and Domains of Group A Streptococcal C5a Peptidase and Their Application Potential as Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Guirong Wang ◽  
Jielin Zhao ◽  
Yisheng Zhao ◽  
Subo Wang ◽  
Shaojie Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Gas Cell ◽  
Subunit Vaccines ◽  
Immunogenicity Assessment ◽  
Group A ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Glycoconjugate Vaccine

Group A streptococcal C5a peptidase (ScpA) is a highly conserved surface virulence factor present on group A streptococcus (GAS) cell surfaces. It has attracted much more attention as a promising antigenic target for GAS vaccine development due to its high antigenicity to stimulate specific and immunoprotective antibodies. In this study, a series of segments of ScpA were rationally designed according to the functional domains described in its crystal structure, efficiently prepared and immunologically evaluated so as to assess their potential as antigens for the development of subunit vaccines. Immunological studies revealed that Fn, Fn2, and rsScpA193 proteins were promising antigen candidates worthy for further exploration. In addition, the potential of Fn and Fn2 as carrier proteins to formulate effective glycoconjugate vaccine was also investigated.

scholarly journals A Multicomponent Vaccine Provides Immunity against Local and Systemic Infections by Group A Streptococcus across Serotypes

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Bi ◽  
Meiyi Xu ◽  
Ya Zhou ◽  
Xinxin Xing ◽  
Adong Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Th17 Response ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Group A ◽  
Large Repertoire ◽  
Multicomponent Vaccine

ABSTRACT Group A streptococcus (GAS) species are responsible for a broad spectrum of human diseases, ranging from superficial to invasive infections, and are associated with autoimmune disorders. There is no commercial vaccine against GAS. The clinical manifestations of GAS infection may be attributable to the large repertoire of virulence factors used selectively in different types of GAS disease. Here, we selected five molecules, highly conserved among GAS serotypes, and involved in different pathogenic mechanisms, as a multicomponent vaccine, 5CP. Intranasal (i.n.) immunization with 5CP protected mice against both mucosal and systemic GAS infection across serotypes; the protection lasted at least 6 months. Immunization of mice with 5CP constrained skin lesion development and accelerated lesion recovery. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analyses revealed that 5CP induced Th17 and antibody responses locally and systemically; however, the Th17 response induced by 5CP resolved more quickly than that to GAS when challenge bacteria were cleared, suggesting that 5CP is less likely to cause autoimmune responses. These findings support that immunization through the i.n. route targeting multiple nonredundant virulence factors can induce immunity against different types of GAS disease and represents an alternative strategy for GAS vaccine development, with favorable efficacy, coverage, duration, and safety. IMPORTANCE GAS is among the most common human pathogens and causes a wide variety of diseases, likely more than any other microorganism. The diverse clinical manifestations of GAS may be attributable to its large repertoire of virulence factors that are selectively and synergistically involved in streptococcal pathogenesis. To date, GAS vaccines have not been successful due to multiple serotypes and postinfection sequelae associated with autoimmunity. In this study, five conserved virulence factors that are involved in GAS pathogenesis were used as a combined vaccine. Intranasal immunization with this vaccine induced humoral and cellular immune responses across GAS serotypes and protected against mucosal, systemic, and skin infections. The significance of this work is to demonstrate that the efficacy of GAS vaccines can be achieved by including multiple nonredundant critical virulence factors and inducing local and systemic immunity. The strategy also provides valuable insights for vaccine development against other pathogens.

scholarly journals Behoud in situ, of wat doen we als alles op is?

Paleo-aktueel ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Froukje Veenman
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
To Come ◽  
Near Future

Out of Archaeology. Even if we may still hope to decrease our ecological footprint in the years to come, our archaeological footprint has increased rapidly over the past years. We still discover, map and excavate archaeological sites and patterns, but at the same time our archaeological ‘stock’ will decrease dramatically. Maybe all that we will have left in the near future in the Netherlands will be restricted to some archaeological reserves, which will be strictly protected areas, with no possibilities for excavation. A picture of the future (2054) is outlined in this article. We have strived to reserve (preserve?) archaeological resources since 2007, but what was actually happening in the field in the first quarter of the 21st century? And what if we run out of archaeology?

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