scholarly journals Vaccines and global health

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1579) ◽  
pp. 2733-2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Greenwood ◽  
David Salisbury ◽  
Adrian V. S. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
New Vaccines

Vaccines have made a major contribution to global health in recent decades but they could do much more. In November 2011, a Royal Society discussion meeting, ‘New vaccines for global health’, was held in London to discuss the past contribution of vaccines to global health and to consider what more could be expected in the future. Papers presented at the meeting reviewed recent successes in the deployment of vaccines against major infections of childhood and the challenges faced in developing vaccines against some of the world's remaining major infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis. The important contribution that development of more effective veterinary vaccines could make to global health was also addressed. Some of the social and financial challenges to the development and deployment of new vaccines were reviewed. The latter issues were also discussed at a subsequent satellite meeting, ‘Accelerating vaccine development’, held at the Kavli Royal Society International Centre. Delegates at this meeting considered challenges to the more rapid development and deployment of both human and veterinary vaccines and how these might be addressed. Papers based on presentations at the discussion meeting and a summary of the main conclusions of the satellite meeting are included in this issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 609-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salwa Aljohani ◽  
Waleed M. Hussein ◽  
Istvan Toth ◽  
Pavla Simerska
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Group A ◽  
To Come ◽  
Near Future

Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.

Dementia associated with infectious diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (s1) ◽  
pp. S65-S77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osvaldo P. Almeida ◽  
Nicola T. Lautenschlager
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Acquired Immunodeficiency ◽  
Immunodeficiency Syndrome

At the turn of the last century, infectious diseases represented an important cause of health morbidity and behavioral changes. Neurosyphilis, for example, was relatively common at the time and often led to the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. With the advent of effective antibiotic treatment, the association between infectious diseases and dementia became increasingly less frequent, although a resurgence of interest in this area has taken place during the past 15 years with the emergence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). This paper reviews the most frequent infectious causes of dementia, including prion diseases, as well as infections caused by herpes virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, borrelia and cysticercosis.

scholarly journals A human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) clade A vaccine in clinical trials: stimulation of HIV-specific T-cell responses by DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccines in humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 911-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilu Mwau ◽  
Inese Cebere ◽  
Julian Sutton ◽  
Priscilla Chikoti ◽  
Nicola Winstone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Phase I Clinical Trials ◽  
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

The immunogenicities of candidate DNA- and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-vectored human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines were evaluated on their own and in a prime–boost regimen in phase I clinical trials in healthy uninfected individuals in the United Kingdom. Given the current lack of approaches capable of inducing broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies, the pTHr.HIVA DNA and MVA.HIVA vaccines focus solely on the induction of cell-mediated immunity. The vaccines expressed a common immunogen, HIVA, which consists of consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 proteins fused to a string of clade A-derived epitopes recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Volunteers' fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for HIV-specific responses in a validated gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay using four overlapping peptide pools across the Gag domain and three pools of known CTL epitopes present in all of the HIVA protein. Both the DNA and the MVA vaccines alone and in a DNA prime–MVA boost combination were safe and induced HIV-specific responses in 14 out of 18, seven out of eight and eight out of nine volunteers, respectively. These results are very encouraging and justify further vaccine development.

scholarly journals Anti- cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 804
Author(s):  
Rakesh K. Yadav ◽  
Raj K. ◽  
Kachnar V. ◽  
Manoj K. Mathur ◽  
Amitabh D. Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Extra Pulmonary ◽  
Citrullinated Peptide

Background: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies have been considered very specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some studies have shown that these antibodies can be positive in infectious diseases like tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, etc.Methods: Eighty patients of tuberculosis both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and thirty patients of human immunodeficiency virus were enrolled in this study from inpatient and outpatient departments from September 2018 to August 2019. Anti-CCP antibody test was done in all the patient by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Fifty-three patients were of pulmonary tuberculosis, 27 patients were extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and 30 patients were human immunodeficiency virus infection. Of the 53 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 21 (39.6%) cases were positive for anti-CCP antibodies and 32 (60.4%) cases were negative for the same. Of the 27 cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, 3(11.1%) cases were positive for anti-CCP antibodies and 24 (88.9%) cases were negative. Of the 53 patients of pulmonary tuberculosis, 16 were sputum positive and 37 were sputum negative. Of those withsputum positive 9 (56.2%) cases were positive for anti-CCP antibodies and those with sputum negative, 12 (32.4%) cases were positive for anti-CCP antibodies. Of the 30 cases of human immunodeficiency virus, 5 (16.7%) cases were positive for anti-CCP antibodies and 25 (83.3%) cases were negative.Conclusions: Anti-CCP can be positive in cases of infectious diseases like tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus. Positivity of anti-CCP antibodies for tuberculosis is more for pulmonary (more for sputum-positive than sputum-negative) than extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Anti-CCP, thus is not very specific for rheumatoid arthritis.

scholarly journals Recent Developments towards Portable Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices for Pathogen Detection

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharmili Roy ◽  
FAREEHA ARSHAD ◽  
Shimaa Eissa ◽  
Mohammadali Safavieh ◽  
Sanaa G. Alattas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Recent Developments

The rapid development of accurate and quick diagnostic tools for infectious diseases has made a massive impact in global health. POC devices for pathogen detection have primarily contributed to clinical...

scholarly journals HIV-1/Mycobacterium tuberculosisCoinfection Immunology: How Does HIV-1 Exacerbate Tuberculosis?

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 1407-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin R. Diedrich ◽  
JoAnne L. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
The Past ◽  
Multiple Hypotheses ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) andMycobacterium tuberculosishave become intertwined over the past few decades in a “syndemic” that exacerbates the morbidity and mortality associated with each pathogen alone. The severity of the coinfection has been extensively examined in clinical studies. The extrapolation of peripheral evidence from clinical studies has increased our basic understanding of how HIV increases susceptibility to TB. These studies have resulted in multiple hypotheses of how HIV exacerbates TB pathology through the manipulation of granulomas. Granulomas can be located in many tissues, most prominently the lungs and associated lymph nodes, and are made up of multiple immune cells that can actively containM. tuberculosis. Granuloma-based research involving both animal models and clinical studies is needed to confirm these hypotheses, which will further our understanding of this coinfection and may lead to better treatment options. This review examines the data that support each hypothesis of how HIV manipulates TB pathology while emphasizing a need for more tissue-based experiments.

scholarly journals Prophylaxis with Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Patients: Impact on Risk for Infectious Diseases

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Dworkin ◽  
John Williamson ◽  
Jeffrey L. Jones ◽  
Jonathan E. Kaplan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus
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