The Relationship of Anxiety with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palak Patel ◽  
Arjun V. Masurkar
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Braak Stage ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
E4 Allele

Background: There is an increased effort to better understand neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as an important feature of symptomatic burden as well as potential modi- fiable factors of the disease process. Anxiety is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A growing body of work has emerged that addresses the epidemiology and biological correlations of anxiety in AD. Objective and Methods: Here, we review human studies in research and clinical cohorts that examined anxiety in AD. We focused on work related to prevalence across AD stages, correlation with established biomarkers, relationship with AD neuropathology and genetic risk factors, and impact on progression. Results: Anxiety is prominent in the early stages and increases across the spectrum of functional stages. Biomarker relationships are strongest at the level of FDG-PET and amyloid measured via PET or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Neuropathologically, anxiety emerges with early Braak stage tau pathology. The presence of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele is associated with increased anxiety at all stages, most notably at mild cognitive impairment. Anxiety portended a faster progression at all pre-dementia stages. Conclusion: This body of work suggests a close biological relationship between anxiety and AD that begins in early stages and influences functional decline. As such, we discuss future work that would improve our understanding of this relationship and test the validity of anxiolytic treatment as disease modifying therapy for AD.

scholarly journals Physical exercise is effective for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-456
Author(s):  
Dayanne Christine Borges Mendonça ◽  
Denise Rodrigues Fernandes ◽  
Salma Soleman Hernandez ◽  
Fernando Diákson Gontijo Soares ◽  
Karina de Figueiredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Positive Effect

ABSTRACT Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are disorders frequently seen in Alzheimer's disease. These symptoms contribute to reduction of brain reserve capacity and, in addition, they present unfavorable implications, such as: poor prognosis for the disease, increased functional decline, increased burden on the caregiver and institutionalization. This scenario makes neuropsychiatric symptoms one of the biggest problems in Alzheimer's disease, and gives rise to a need for treatments focused on improving these symptoms. Sow progress in drug trials has led to interest in exploring non-pharmacological measures for improving the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, such as physical exercise. Objective: To ascertain the effect of exercise on the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and its implications. Methods: This was a systematic review of effective longitudinal research, conducted by searching for articles in the PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus electronic databases, from 2009 to 2019. Studies in which the sample consisted of elderly people aged 65 years old or over with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease were included. Initially 334 articles were identified. After exclusions, 21 articles remained to be read in full. From these, five articles fitted the eligibility criteria, and a further two articles were added through manual searches in the references of the articles found. Results: Out of the seven articles analyzed in this review, five studies revealed that physical exercise had a positive effect on the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: This systematic review indicated that physical exercise is a favorable non-pharmacological means for attenuating the neuropsychiatric symptoms of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, with special attention to aerobic exercises.

scholarly journals Patients With Dementia Are Easy Victims to Predators

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 233372141773468 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Hamdy ◽  
J. V. Lewis ◽  
R. Copeland ◽  
A. Depelteau ◽  
A. Kinser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Early Stages

Patients with dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease and particularly those in early stages, are susceptible to become victims of predators: Their agnosia (see Case 1) prevents them from detecting and accurately interpreting subtle signals that otherwise would have alerted them that they are about to fall for a scam. Furthermore, their judgment is impaired very early in the disease process, often before other symptoms manifest themselves and usually before a diagnosis is made. Patients with early stages of dementia are therefore prime targets for unscrupulous predators, and it behooves caregivers and health care professionals to ensure the integrity of these patients. In this case study, we discuss how a man with mild Alzheimer’s disease was about to fall for a scam were it not for his vigilant wife. We discuss what went wrong in the patient/caregiver interaction and how the catastrophic ending could have been avoided or averted.

scholarly journals Modulation of glucose metabolism and metabolic connectivity by β-amyloid

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 2058-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Carbonell ◽  
Alex P Zijdenbos ◽  
Donald G McLaren ◽  
Yasser Iturria-Medina ◽  
Barry J Bedell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Amyloid Burden ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Metabolic Connectivity ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Glucose Hypometabolism

Glucose hypometabolism in the pre-clinical stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been primarily associated with the APOE ɛ4 genotype, rather than fibrillar β-amyloid. In contrast, aberrant patterns of metabolic connectivity are more strongly related to β-amyloid burden than APOE ɛ4 status. A major limitation of previous studies has been the dichotomous classification of subjects as amyloid-positive or amyloid-negative. Dichotomous treatment of a continuous variable, such as β-amyloid, potentially obscures the true relationship with metabolism and reduces the power to detect significant changes in connectivity. In the present work, we assessed alterations of glucose metabolism and metabolic connectivity as continuous function of β-amyloid burden using positron emission tomography scans from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. Modeling β-amyloid as a continuous variable resulted in better model fits and improved power compared to the dichotomous model. Using this continuous model, we found that both APOE ɛ4 genotype and β-amyloid burden are strongly associated with glucose hypometabolism at early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. We also determined that the cumulative effects of β-amyloid deposition result in a particular pattern of altered metabolic connectivity, which is characterized by global, synchronized hypometabolism at early stages of the disease process, followed by regionally heterogeneous, progressive hypometabolism.

scholarly journals Hippocampal subfields and decline in activities of daily living in Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-367
Author(s):  
Miguel Germán Borda ◽  
Alberto Jaramillo-Jimenez ◽  
Diego A Tovar-Rios ◽  
Daniel Ferreira ◽  
Elkin Garcia-Cifuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Dementia With Lewy Bodies ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images

Background: Hippocampal atrophy is presented in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Cognition, dual-tasks, muscular function, goal-related behaviors and neuropsychiatric symptoms are linked to hippocampal volumes and may lead to functional decline in activities of daily living. We examined the association between baseline hippocampal subfield volumes (HSv) in mild AD and DLB, and functional decline. Materials & methods: 12 HSv were computed from structural magnetic resonance images using Freesurfer 6.0 segmentation. Functional decline was assessed using the rapid disability rating scale score. Linear regressions were conducted. Results: In AD, HSv were smaller bilaterally. However, HSv were not associated with functional decline. Conclusion: Functional decline does not depend on HSv in mild AD and DLB.

Dependence and Caregiver Burden in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Gallagher ◽  
Aine Ni Mhaolain ◽  
Lisa Crosby ◽  
Deirdre Ryan ◽  
Loretto Lacey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Behavioral Symptoms ◽  
Dependence Scale

The dependence scale has been designed to be sensitive to the overall care needs of the patient and is considered distinct from standard measures of functional ability in this regard. Little is known regarding the relationship between patient dependence and caregiver burden. We recruited 100 patients with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment and their caregivers through a memory clinic. Patient function, dependence, hours of care, cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and caregiver burden were assessed. Dependence was significantly correlated with caregiver burden. Functional decline and dependence were most predictive of caregiver burden in patients with mild impairment while behavioral symptoms were most predictive in patients with moderate to severe disease. The dependence scale demonstrated good utility as a predictor of caregiver burden. Interventions to reduce caregiver burden should address patient dependence, functional decline, and behavioral symptoms while successful management of the latter becomes more critical with disease progression.

Functional decline in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. Vitaliano ◽  
Joan Russo ◽  
Alan R. Breen ◽  
Michael V. Vitiello ◽  
Patricia N. Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Early Stages

Auditory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sridhar Krishnamurti
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Care Setting ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Clinical Protocols ◽  
Speech Language Pathologist ◽  
Auditory Dysfunction

Alzheimer's disease is neurodegenerative disorder which affects a growing number of older adults every year. With an understanding of auditory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease, the speech-language pathologist working in the health care setting can provide better service to these individuals. The pathophysiology of the disease process in Alzheimer's disease increases the likelihood of specific types of auditory deficits as opposed to others. This article will discuss the auditory deficits in Alzheimer's disease, their implications, and the value of clinical protocols for individuals with this disease.

p35 Deficiency Accelerates HMGB-1-mediated Neuronal Death in the Early Stages of an Alzheimer’s disease Mouse Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 829-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahram Jang ◽  
Hyunjeong Liew ◽  
Yun-Mi Kim ◽  
Heesoon Choi ◽  
Saeromi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Neuronal Death ◽  
Early Stages

scholarly journals Some Candidate Drugs for Pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Barbara Miziak ◽  
Barbara Błaszczyk ◽  
Stanisław J. Czuczwar
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Brain Ischemia ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Approved Drugs

Alzheimer’s disease (AD; progressive neurodegenerative disorder) is associated with cognitive and functional impairment with accompanying neuropsychiatric symptoms. The available pharmacological treatment is of a symptomatic nature and, as such, it does not modify the cause of AD. The currently used drugs to enhance cognition include an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist (memantine) and cholinesterase inhibitors. The PUBMED, Medical Subject Heading and Clinical Trials databases were used for searching relevant data. Novel treatments are focused on already approved drugs for other conditions and also searching for innovative drugs encompassing investigational compounds. Among the approved drugs, we investigated, are intranasal insulin (and other antidiabetic drugs: liraglitude, pioglitazone and metformin), bexarotene (an anti-cancer drug and a retinoid X receptor agonist) or antidepressant drugs (citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, mirtazapine). The latter, especially when combined with antipsychotics (for instance quetiapine or risperidone), were shown to reduce neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD patients. The former enhanced cognition. Procognitive effects may be also expected with dietary antioxidative and anti-inflammatory supplements—curcumin, myricetin, and resveratrol. Considering a close relationship between brain ischemia and AD, they may also reduce post-brain ischemia neurodegeneration. An investigational compound, CN-105 (a lipoprotein E agonist), has a very good profile in AD preclinical studies, and its clinical trial for postoperative dementia is starting soon.

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