Venoms and Isolated Toxins from Snakes of Medical Impact in the Northeast Argentina: State of the Art. Potential Pharmacological Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 1962-1980 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Emilia Garcia Denegri ◽  
Soledad Bustillo ◽  
Claudia Carolina Gay ◽  
Andrea Van De Velde ◽  
Gabriela Gomez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Venomous Snakes ◽  
Snake Envenomations ◽  
Pharmacological Application

: Among the ophidians that inhabit the Northeast of Argentina, the genus Bothrops such as B. alternatus and B. diporus species (also known as yararás) and Crotalus durisus terrificus (named cascabel), represent the most studied snake venom for more than thirty years. These two genera of venomous snakes account for the majority of poisonous snake envenomations and therefore, constitute a medical emergency in this region. This review presents a broad description of the compiled knowledge about venomous snakebite: its pathophysiological action, protein composition, isolated toxins, toxin synergism, toxin-antitoxin cross-reaction assays. Properties of some isolated toxins support a potential pharmacological application.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF SNAKE ANTIVENOM ACTIVITY OF TAMARINDUS INDICA SEED COAT EXTRACT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (09) ◽  
pp. 489-497
Author(s):  
Priyanka D. Mundhe ◽  
◽  
Balasaheb S. Pawade ◽  
Indrasen G. Waykar ◽  
Innus K. Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tamarindus Indica

Snakebite is a life-threatening medical emergency, and globally responsible for millions of deaths. In snakebites accidents only deaths are not a concern, it leads to more morbidities. Due to scanty healthcare facilities in rural areas of India, many people seek alternative treatment available in ethnic practices. Tamarindus Indica (TI) plant is rich in medicinal value and used to treat many diseases including snakebite treatment traditionally. In view of this TI seed coat extract (TISCE) was evaluated for antivenom activity. The phytochemical screening of TISCE was performed to understand its chemical composition. TISCE was evaluated for antivenom activity against Indian cobra venom (ICV), common krait venom (CKV), Russells viper venom (RVV), and saw-scaled viper venom (SCV) for phospholipase A2 (PLA-2), haemorrhagic in vitro and in vivo, procoagulant, proteolytic activity, and lethality studies. TISCE majorly contains saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. Minimum indirect haemorrhagic dose (MIHD) observed for ICV (12.5 µg), CKV (5.0 µg),RVV (10.0 µg), and SVV (12.5 µg). TISCE inhibits the procoagulant activity of all venoms at a concentration of 18.0 µg. It also shows the neutralization of proteolytic enzymes of venom in a dose-dependent manner. A pre-incubated mixture containing five lethal dose 50 (LD50) of venom and TISCE was injected intravenously, all mice survived as venom neutralized by TISCE. The present study demonstrates the ability of TISCE to neutralize snake venom using suitable in vivo and in vitro methods. Further studies required to unravelling the specific active chemical constituent of TISCE that may used as novel alternative snakebite treatment. TISCE was able to prolong the deaths during the simulation study and may be used in the topical pharmaceutical formulation that will reduce local venom reactions causing much morbidity, which will collectively with Anti-snake venom (ASV), used to treat envenomed patients more effectively.

scholarly journals Venomics and Cellular Toxicity of Thai Pit Vipers (Trimeresurus macrops and T. hageni)

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supeecha Kumkate ◽  
Lawan Chanhome ◽  
Tipparat Thiangtrongjit ◽  
Jureeporn Noiphrom ◽  
Panithi Laoungboa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Monocytic Cells ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Species Specific

The two venomous pit vipers, Trimeresurus macrops and T. hageni, are distributed throughout Thailand, although their abundance varies among different areas. No species-specific antivenom is available for their bite victims, and the only recorded treatment method is a horse antivenom raised against T. albolabris crude venom. To facilitate assessment of the cross-reactivity of heterologous antivenoms, protein profiles of T. macrops and T. hageni venoms were explored using mass-spectrometry-based proteomics. The results show that 185 and 216 proteins were identified from T. macrops and T. hageni venoms, respectively. Two major protein components in T. macrops and T. hageni venoms were snake venom serine protease and metalloproteinase. The toxicity of the venoms on human monocytes and skin fibroblasts was analyzed, and both showed a greater cytotoxic effect on fibroblasts than monocytic cells, with toxicity occurring in a dose-dependent rather than a time-dependent manner. Exploring the protein composition of snake venom leads to a better understanding of the envenoming of prey. Moreover, knowledge of pit viper venomics facilitates the selection of the optimum heterologous antivenoms for treating bite victims.

scholarly journals Pharmacotherapeutic study of efficacy, safety and prognostic analysis of anti snake venom serum in snake bite patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Inamdar ◽  
Sudhakar M. Parhate ◽  
Rahul D. Randad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Male Victims ◽  
Effective Measure

Background: Snakebite is a common medical emergency especially in the rural areas. The effective measure to treat most of the manifestations of venomous snake bite is timely administration of anti-snake venom serum (ASVS). Problems associated with ASVS use are lack of evidence for optimal dose schedule and occurrence of hypersensitivity reactions.Methods: A retrospective review of snakebite cases was carried out from record section of a tertiary care teaching hospital from January 2011 to December 2011.Results: Out of total 202 snakebite patients admitted during the study period, age group of 21-30 years (mainly male victims) accounted for highest no. of snakebite cases (25.7%). The mean (±SD) dose of ASVS used was 124 (±112) mL. 11.8% patients had suffered from adverse drug reactions due to ASVS. 7.4% patients required mechanical ventilation. Overall mortality in our study was 9.4%. Mortality was higher (50%) where the time interval between the snakebite and initiation of treatment was >6 hours. Out of total 15 patients who required mechanical ventilation, n=10 (66.6%) patient died.Conclusions: In our study, mean dose of ASVS used was as per WHO guidelines. Less incidence of adverse drug reaction due to ASVS may be because of co-administration of corticosteroids and anti-histaminics. Delay in getting treatment with ASVS, neurotoxic envenomation and respiratory failure, were the risk factors associated with adverse prognosis due to snake bite in our set up.

scholarly journals Delayed neurological manifestation in viper bite despite anti-snake venom therapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 286
Author(s):  
Robin George Manappallil
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Compartment Syndrome ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Neurological Manifestation ◽  
Snake Bite ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Systemic Manifestations

Envenomation due to snake bite is an acute life threatening medical emergency. Among the different families of snakes, viper bites are known to cause local manifestations like cellulitis, blebs, compartment syndrome; as well as systemic manifestations which include neurological, hematological and renal failure. This is a case of a middle aged man who presented with viper bite. He was given anti-snake venom (ASV) and became asymptomatic. After about 72 hours of ASV therapy, he started developing generalised paralysis. He was given another course of ASV, following which he recovered completely. To the best of knowledge, this form of delayed neurological manifestations following viper bite, despite receiving ASV has not been reported yet.

scholarly journals MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF SNAKE VENOM SERINE PROTEASE OF SHARP-NOSED PIT VIPER WITH HESPERETIN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Subhamay Panda ◽  
Iman Ehsan
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Docking ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Docking Analysis ◽  
Docking Program ◽  
Molecular Docking Analysis

 Objective: The management of snake bite envenomation is a global challenge affecting millions of people. Immunotherapy is still regarded as the treatment of choice; however, their subsequent adverse effects restrict their potential use for therapy against snake venom poisoning. In recent years, more attention has been given to the exploration of indigenous medicinal plants for their outstanding benefits for the treatment of several diseases and disorders, including snake venom poisoning. Hesperetin is a naturally occurring compound derived from a flavanone glycoside, hesperidin and is obtained from various citrus fruits. It is known to possess significant inhibitory activity against snake venom serine proteases. The aim of our present study was to investigate the significant inhibitory action of hesperetin on thrombin-like serine protease from sharp-nosed pit viper (Deinagkistrodon acutus) snake venom.Methods: We have employed molecular docking analysis by implementing the state-of-the-art docking program to validate the hypothesis of the prospective inhibitory properties of hesperetin on thrombin-like serine proteases of snake venom. AutoDock 4.2, InterProSurf, MGLTools, and MTiAutoDock were utilized for the molecular docking analysis of thrombin-like serine protease obtained from the snake venom of sharp-nosed pit viper with the natural compound hesperetin.Results: The results generated from in silico based approach reveals the significant inhibitory role of hesperetin against thrombin-like snake venom proteases, which might lead to the drug designing of the inhibitors of snake venom serine proteases.Conclusion: The implementation of molecular docking analysis by the employment of state-of-the-art docking program supports the potential of inhibitory activity of naturally obtained hesperetin compound on thrombin-like serine proteases of snake venom. The generated in silico results suggests that the novel structure hesperetin - flavanone might act as a potent inhibitor of thrombin-like snake venom proteases, and unlocks the possibilities for designing drugs of the inhibitors of snake venom serine proteases. Moreover, the investigation of the novel compound obtained from natural sources for their inhibitory activity against snake venom serine proteases would lead to the discovery of newer inhibitory compound from a highly uninvestigated research arena.

scholarly journals Trial of the new antivenin serum INSERP®PANAFRICAIN in the Republic of Guinea for the treatment of patients bitten by venomous snakes

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
M. S Balde ◽  
M. I Buaro ◽  
O. K Konstantinov ◽  
M. S Diallo ◽  
E. Millimono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Snake Venom ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Venomous Snake ◽  
Republic Of Guinea ◽  
Venomous Snakes ◽  
Snake Bites ◽  
The Republic

Introduction The intoxication rate due to venomous snake bites in the population in the Republic of Guinea is 100-150 cases per 100 000 habitants with the mortality rate to 18% and represents a serious problem for public health services of the country. In the same time there is a big lack in antivenin sera supply. Nevertheless, the provision with antivenin serum against snake venom in the country is evidently not enough. Aim of research clinical trials of the efficiency and tolerance of a new polyvalent antivenin sera Inoserp® Panafricain against snake venom in comparison with the used previously serum Antivipmyn® Afrique. Methods There were treated 109 patients with pronounced symptoms of intoxication due to venomous snake bites. In the absence of hemolytic and neurologic symptoms they were intravenously administered the 1 dose (10 ml) of serum or 2 doses in the presence of mentioned symptoms. If situation so requires (in the absence of the positive effect, the occurrence of hemorrhage and neurological symptoms) this serum was re-administered 3, 6, 12 or 24 hours after the first injection. There was noted a status ofpatient and the presence of side effects after the application of this serum. Results All 109 patients have received an average of 1.1 doses (ampules) of serum. 108 patients (99%) recovered without consequences. No case of necrosis was observed. There was noted the 1 fatal case (0.9% of total patients). In 6 (5.5%) patients 10 minutes after administration of the serum there were noted side effects, but shortly they disappeared. The overall mortality rate in our experience was lower than in the testing of the similar serum Antivipmyn® Afrique, especially in patients who have not received antisera against the venom of snakes. Conclusion The efficacy and tolerability of the Inoserp® Panafricain serum were higher as mortality rate (0.9%) and side effects (5.5%) - lower in comparison with the serum Antivipmyn® Afrique. This experience has shown the perspectiveness of the use of serum Inoserp® Panafricain for the treatment of cases bitten by venomous snakes in Guinea.

“Anatomical” View of the Protein Composition and Protein Characteristics for Gloydius shedaoensis Snake Venom via Proteomics Approach

2010 ◽  
Vol 294 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuqing Liu ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Qiaoqiao Zhang ◽  
Ming-Zhong Sun ◽  
Ying Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Proteomics Approach
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