Role of chromatograph-based analytical techniques in quantification of chiral compounds: An update

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradnya Gunjal ◽  
Sachin Kumar Singh ◽  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Rajan Kumar ◽  
Monica Gulati
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Chiral Drugs ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Important Note

Background: Chiral purity is a critical quality attribute of pharmaceutical materials as chiral compounds may have different pharmacological and toxicological properties with their enantiomer (or diastereomers for molecules with multiple chiral centers). Getting high quality drugs to the market quickly is essential for the survival of pharmaceutical companies and in drug research and development. It is important note that about 40% of all man-made synthetic drugs are chiral, 60% of all pharmaceuticals are chiral and 45% chiral drugs are sold as racemate. So, the objective of the current review is to discuss various chromatographic techniques used for the separation of chiral compounds. Methods: Various bibliographic databases of previously published peer-reviewed research papers were explored and systematic data has been culminated in terms of various chromatographic techniques used for chiral compounds’ separation. A comparison of different techniques as well as their advantages are also discussed. Results: A comprehensive review of 130 papers including both, research and review articles, was carried out to make the article readily understandable. The analytical techniques have been discussed in detail. Apart from chromatographic techniques, other techniques such as circular dichroism, nuclear magnetic resonance, UV-visible spectroscopy using cyclodextrin derivatives have also been highlighted with proper citation of references. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical industries need analytical methods to conclude enantiomeric concentration and obtain a drug with single stereo configuration. The sensitive techniques such as HPLC, GCMS and LCMS etc. are used for identification and quantification of limited quantities of single enantiomers, specifically in drug discovery and development.

A Systematic Review on Synthetic Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals Used to Manage Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-356
Author(s):  
Mayukh Banerjee ◽  
Rubiya Khursheed ◽  
Ankit Kumar Yadav ◽  
Sachin Kumar Singh ◽  
Monica Gulati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Microvascular And Macrovascular Complications

Background: Diabetes is a multifactorial disease and a major cause for many microvascular and macrovascular complications. The disease will ultimately lead to high rate mortality if it is not managed properly. Treatment of diabetes without any side effects has always remained a major challenge for health care practitioners. Introduction: The current review discusses the various conventional drugs, herbal drugs, combination therapy and the use of nutraceuticals for the effective management of diabetes mellitus. The biotechnological aspects of various antidiabetic drugs are also discussed. Methods: Structured search of bibliographic databases for previously published peer-reviewed research papers was explored and data was sorted in terms of various approaches that are used for the treatment of diabetes. Results: More than 170 papers including both research and review articles, were included in this review in order to produce a comprehensive and easily understandable article. A series of herbal and synthetic drugs have been discussed along with their current status of treatment in terms of dose, mechanism of action and possible side effects. The article also focuses on combination therapies containing synthetic as well as herbal drugs to treat the disease. The role of pre and probiotics in the management of diabetes is also highlighted. Conclusion: Oral antihyperglycemics which are used to treat diabetes can cause many adverse effects and if given in combination, can lead to drug-drug interactions. The combination of various phytochemicals with synthetic drugs can overcome the challenge faced by the synthetic drug treatment. Herbal and nutraceuticals therapy and the use of probiotics and prebiotics are a more holistic therapy due to their natural origin and traditional use.

Analytical and Preparative Scale Separation of Enantiomers of Chiral Drugs by Chromatography and Related Methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (33) ◽  
pp. 4152-4188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Gumustas ◽  
Sibel A. Ozkan ◽  
Bezhan Chankvetadze
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Electrochromatography ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Chiral Separations ◽  
Chiral Drugs ◽  
Preparative Scale ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Separation Of Enantiomers ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Chiral Pharmaceuticals

While the amino acids, enzymes and hormones are chiral, chirality plays significant role in the life of plants, animals, as well as the human being. Chirality of molecules is important in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, agricultural, food, electronics, etc. Chiral drugs may have different bioavailability, distribution, biotransformation and excretion, as well as quantitatively and/or qualitatively different pharmacological or toxic properties. Enantiomerically pure chiral drugs have been increasingly developed for the pharmaceutical market due to their superiority from the viewpoints of potency and safety. This is supported by the development of new methods for enantioselective production of the chiral compounds, as well as by the capability of the enantioselective analytical methods to allow a detection and quantification of minor enantiomeric impurity in the presence of another enantiomer in a large excess. The aim of the present review is to provide a short summary of the basic principles of chiral separations on an analytical and preparative scale. In addition, some selected applications for analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography for the separation of enantiomers of chiral pharmaceuticals published in the last two years are also discussed.

scholarly journals Determination of Enantiomeric Excess in Pharmaceutical Active Agents: The Role of High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Chika J Mbah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Chiral Drugs ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Chiral drugs are composed of molecules with the same chemical structure, but different 3-dimensional molecular arrangements. Chirality is defined as non-super imposable mirror images.A pair of stereoisomer’s that is non-super imposable mirror images of one another is an enantiomer and therefore has different 3-dimensional configuration. Several drugs of clinical importance are enantiomers. However, there is an increasing trend for the pharmaceutical industries to develop and market drug products

Phytochemical Markers: Classification, Applications and Isolation

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 2491-2498
Author(s):  
Sonal Desai ◽  
Pratima Tatke
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Herbal Products ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Modern Analytical ◽  
Standardization Technique

Background: There has been aroused demand for herbal drugs/products worldwide because of their fewer side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. The major obstacle in the global acceptance of herbal products is the lack of proper standardization technique. Methods: Various test procedures have been used for authentication and quality control of botanicals among which marker based standardization has attained more attention. The major challenge faced by phytochemist is to select appropriate phytochemical marker for quality control of herbal drugs. Phytochemical markers used for standardization must be of known purity. Phytochemical markers which are not commercially available have to be isolated from respective medicinal plants. Various chromatographic techniques are reported for the purification of phytomarkers from plants. A comprehensive report on different purification techniques of isolation of phytochemical markers through in-depth review of scientific literature is required. Conclusion: This article highlights various classifications of phytochemical markers along with their applications in standardization of herbal drugs and various classical and modern analytical techniques for their isolation.

scholarly journals The Role of High-Resolution Analytical Techniques in the Development of Functional Foods

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3220
Author(s):  
Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa ◽  
Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez ◽  
María De la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea ◽  
Sandra Pimentel-Moral ◽  
Antonio Segura-Carretero
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Bioactive Properties ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Bioactive Potential ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites

The approaches based on high-resolution analytical techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance or mass spectrometry coupled to chromatographic techniques, have a determining role in several of the stages necessary for the development of functional foods. The analyses of botanical extracts rich in bioactive compounds is one of the fundamental steps in order to identify and quantify their phytochemical composition. However, the compounds characterized in the extracts are not always responsible for the bioactive properties because they generally undergo metabolic reactions before reaching the therapeutic targets. For this reason, analytical techniques are also applied to analyze biological samples to know the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and/or metabolism of the compounds ingested by animal or human models in nutritional intervention studies. In addition, these studies have also been applied to determine changes of endogenous metabolites caused by prolonged intake of compounds with bioactive potential. This review aims to describe the main types and modes of application of high-resolution analytical techniques in all these steps for functional food development.

scholarly journals cROStalk for Life: Uncovering ROS Signaling in Plants and Animal Systems, from Gametogenesis to Early Embryonic Development

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Valentina Lodde ◽  
Piero Morandini ◽  
Alex Costa ◽  
Irene Murgia ◽  
Ignacio Ezquer
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Developmental Studies ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Ros Signaling ◽  
Reproductive Processes

This review explores the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/Ca2+ in communication within reproductive structures in plants and animals. Many concepts have been described during the last years regarding how biosynthesis, generation products, antioxidant systems, and signal transduction involve ROS signaling, as well as its possible link with developmental processes and response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review, we first addressed classic key concepts in ROS and Ca2+ signaling in plants, both at the subcellular, cellular, and organ level. In the plant science field, during the last decades, new techniques have facilitated the in vivo monitoring of ROS signaling cascades. We will describe these powerful techniques in plants and compare them to those existing in animals. Development of new analytical techniques will facilitate the understanding of ROS signaling and their signal transduction pathways in plants and mammals. Many among those signaling pathways already have been studied in animals; therefore, a specific effort should be made to integrate this knowledge into plant biology. We here discuss examples of how changes in the ROS and Ca2+ signaling pathways can affect differentiation processes in plants, focusing specifically on reproductive processes where the ROS and Ca2+ signaling pathways influence the gametophyte functioning, sexual reproduction, and embryo formation in plants and animals. The study field regarding the role of ROS and Ca2+ in signal transduction is evolving continuously, which is why we reviewed the recent literature and propose here the potential targets affecting ROS in reproductive processes. We discuss the opportunities to integrate comparative developmental studies and experimental approaches into studies on the role of ROS/ Ca2+ in both plant and animal developmental biology studies, to further elucidate these crucial signaling pathways.

scholarly journals Extraction Techniques and Analytical Methods for Characterization of Active Compounds in Origanum Species

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (20) ◽  
pp. 4735
Author(s):  
Maša Knez Hrnčič ◽  
Darija Cör ◽  
Jana Simonovska ◽  
Željko Knez ◽  
Zoran Kavrakovski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Extraction Techniques ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
Current Contribution ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is gaining interest in industries such as functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Plants and plant extracts are a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. These compounds are often involved in plant protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. The exploitation of available technologies should be oriented and intensified to extend and enhance the continued usefulness of the plants as renewable sources of chemicals, especially medicinal compounds. This current contribution is focused on extraction and analytical techniques for their isolation from the oregano species, their characterization and their potential antioxidative, as well as their antimicrobial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic properties. The work is structured rendering to the different steps involved in the research; starting with extraction and sample preparation, followed by discussing the analytical techniques employed for the isolation and identification of compound/s responsible for the biological activity and methods and techniques for biological activity assessment.

Publishing Productivity in Sport Psychology 1970–2000: An Exploratory Examination of the Lotka-Price Law

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Baker ◽  
Jennifer Robertson-Wilson ◽  
Whitney Sedgwick
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Scientific Productivity ◽  
Eminent Scientist ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Research ◽  
Shed Light

The current study examined whether the distribution of published research papers in the field of sport psychology followed the Lotka-Price Law of scientific productivity. All authors who had published articles in five sport psychology journals from 1970 to 2000 were considered. The impact of those authors was determined by the total number of published papers in all journals. Results provided limited support for the Lotka-Price Law; however, it appeared that the field of sport psychology was less elitist than other fields. Although these findings suggest that productivity in this field is similar to that in other fields of science, more research is needed to shed light on the role of the eminent scientist and the average researcher in the advancement of knowledge in sport psychology.

Using apatite records of volatile budget and magma ascent rates to investigate eruption dynamics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Bernard ◽  
Weiran Li ◽  
Fidel Costa ◽  
Caroline Bouvet de Maisonneuve
Keyword(s):  
Lava Flow ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Magma Ascent ◽  
Eruption Dynamics ◽  
Vulcanian Explosions ◽  
Reservoir Conditions ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
Methods Analytical ◽  
System 1

<p>One of the major challenges faced by volcanologists to investigate controls on eruption dynamics is to quantify both pre-eruptive volatile budgets and timescales of magma ascent. Indeed, petrological investigations of the two parameters usually rely on different methods/analytical techniques that are not always applicable/accessible. Recent studies have shown that the abundance and zoning pattern of F, Cl, and OH in apatite can be used to determine both pre-eruptive volatile budget and magma degassing rates that can, under some conditions, be related to magma ascent rates ([1],[2]).</p><p>Here we apply the two methods to apatite in the Rabaul 2006 eruption deposits (Papua-New-Guinea). This was a VEI-4 eruption and occurred in three main phases: (1) a sub-plinian onset followed 12h after its start by (2) a mixed strombolian-effusive phase, which subsequently evolved into (3) discrete vulcanian explosions. We sampled deposits of the three phases: (1) pumices, (2) fragments of lava flow, and (3) fragments of cow-pad bombs.</p><p>We calculated pre-eruptive water contents using apatite included in clinopyroxene as they keep a better record of reservoir conditions from the time of entrapment. We found that the magma that fed the sub-plinian phase contained the highest water content of about 2 wt.%, while magmas that fed the lava flow and the vulcanian phase were drier, with 0.2 to 0.5 wt.% less H<sub>2</sub>O. X-ray maps acquired with an EPMA show that only apatite crystals in the groundmass of the vulcanian and effusive deposits are zoned in F and Cl at the crystal rims, whereas those from the sub-plinian deposits and included in clinopyroxenes are not zoned. This indicates that the zoning is related to syn- or immediately pre-eruptive changes of Cl-F-H<sub>2</sub>O during magma ascent towards the surface and can thus be modelled as diffusive reequilibration of the crystal and the melt. We obtained maximum diffusion timescales of <8 hours for the unzoned apatite in sub-plinian deposits, timescales of 20–22 hours for apatite in vulcanian deposits, and 600–1500 hours for those in the lava flow. Thus, the time scales increase with decreasing explosivity of the eruptions, as it could be expected if magma ascent rate played the key role of eruption dynamics. However, the degassing timescales of the effusive phase are significantly longer than the eruption duration itself, which can be explained if the magma started rising in the system 1–3 months prior to the onset of the eruption. The volatile-rich, fast-rising magma that fed the initial sub-plinian phase propagated through, disturbed and remobilized the shallower, more degassed batch of magma, which was erupted during the following effusive phase. Deeper, volatile-poor magma that kept moving up the open conduit, was responsible for the late vulcanian explosions.</p><p>Our results show that apatite is a powerful tool for probing slight changes in magma volatile chemistry and ascent rates that can vary between different phases of the same eruption and produce different eruption styles.</p><p> </p><p>[1] Li and Costa, 2020, GCA [2] Li et al. 2020, EPSL</p>

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