Transplantation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells into Brain Through Cerebrospinal Fluid in Rat Models: Protocol Development and Initial Outcome Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naser Amini ◽  
Nasim Vousooghi ◽  
Akram Alizade ◽  
Sara Ramezani ◽  
Mohammad T. Joghataei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Rat Models ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cell therapy is an important strategy for the treatment of incurable diseases including those that occur in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Among different strategies, the method of delivering or transplantation of cells into the brain has shown significant effects on regeneration. In this study, a new protocol has been developed for the transplantation of adipose tissuederived stem cells into the brain through Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) in rat models. Methods: For this purpose, a wide range of ages (7-30 days old) of male neonates of Wistar rats was used. Moreover, human adipose tissue was obtained from a superficial layer of abdomen through liposuction surgery. The size of the inserted part of needle to access middle cranial fossa and subarachnoid space in animals with an average weight of 10-80 g was determined. In addition, to confirm the entrance of needle into the subarachnoid space, CSF was aspirated slowly and then injection was done within two minutes. Results: The findings showed the presence of transplanted human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hADSC) in the cerebellum and basal ganglia following three days and also after two months that confirmed the entrance of transplanted cells into the cerebrospinal fluid and migration of them into the brain tissue. All the animals survived after the transplantation process, with the lowest side effects compared to the available conventional methods. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the cells could be efficiently transplanted into CSF through subarachnoid space by injection via superior orbital fissure with a minimally invasive technique.

Microsporidiosis

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis M. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Male Infant ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Encephalitozoon Cuniculi ◽  
Severe Diarrhoea ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tract Involvement ◽  
The Brain

The class or order Microsporidia was elevated in to the phylum Microspora by Sprague and Vavra (1997) and Sprague and Becnel (1998) subsequently suggested that the term Microsporidia instead be used for the phylum name. Miicrosporidia, i.e. Nosema bombycis, were first described about 150 years ago as the cause of the disease pebrine in silkworms. In 1922, there were descriptions of gram-positive spores consistent with microspordiosis in the brain of rabbits that were being used for investigations on poliomyelitis (Wright and Craighead 1922). From 1923 to 1926, Levaditi and colleagues studied the organisms seen by Wright and Craighead, which they named Encephalitozoon cuniculi, recognizing them as Microsporidia and demonstrating their lack of host specificity by transmitting infections from rabbits to mice, rats and dogs (Levaditi et al. 1923). Microsporidia were clearly confirmed of being a cause of human disease in 1959 (Matsubayashi et al. 1959), when they were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 9 year old boy with encephalitis with seizures, coma, and fever lasting about 25 days. Bergquist et al. (1984) reported a 2 year old child with encephalitis and seizures who had Encephalitozoon spores in urine and Margileth et al. (1973) isolated the microsporidium Anncaliia (Nosema) connori from a 4 month old athymic male infant who died with severe diarrhoea and malabsorption. Microsporidia can produce a wide range of clinical diseases. A diarrhoeal syndrome associated with microsporidiosis and HIV infection was reported by Desportes et al. (1985) and the number of articles describing human disease increased rapidly after 1990. In addition to gastrointestinal tract involvement, it has been recognized that Microsporidia can infect virtually any organ system; and patients with encephalitis, ocular infection, sinusitis, myositis, and disseminated infection are well described in the literature.

scholarly journals Construction of 3D Cellular Composites with Stem Cells Derived from Adipose Tissue and Endothelial Cells by Use of Optical Tweezers in a Natural Polymer Solution

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Yamazaki ◽  
Toshifumi Kishimoto ◽  
Paweł Leszczyński ◽  
Koichiro Sadakane ◽  
Takahiro Kenmotsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Wide Range

To better understand the regulation and function of cellular interactions, three-dimensional (3D) assemblies of single cells and subsequent functional analysis are gaining popularity in many research fields. While we have developed strategies to build stable cellular structures using optical tweezers in a minimally invasive state, methods for manipulating a wide range of cell types have yet to be established. To mimic organ-like structures, the construction of 3D cellular assemblies with variety of cell types is essential. Our recent studies have shown that the presence of nonspecific soluble polymers in aqueous solution is the key to creating stable 3D cellular assemblies efficiently. The present study further expands on the construction of 3D single cell assemblies using two different cell types. We have successfully generated 3D cellular assemblies, using GFP-labeled adipose tissue-derived stem cells and endothelial cells by using optical tweezers. Our findings will support the development of future applications to further characterize cellular interactions in tissue regeneration.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON INFLUENZAL MENINGITIS

1932 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh K. Ward ◽  
Joyce Wright
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Specific Antiserum ◽  
Purulent Meningitis ◽  
Uncommon Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Very High

1. An acute purulent meningitis due to the invasion of the meninges by Pfeiffer's influenza bacillus is not a very uncommon disease ininfants and young children. It has a very high mortality. 2. Complement is entirely absent in the cerebrospinal fluid of these cases, and bactericidal experiments suggest that the injection of a specific antiserum will have but slight lethal effect on the organisms unless complement is injected at the same time. 3. Treatment with a mixture of specific antiserum and complement led in some cases to a definite clinical improvement, coincident with sterilization and clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid. But after some days, the patients relapsed and died. Autopsy showed localized abscesses in the vicinity of the base of the brain, the lesions being definitely walled off from the general subarachnoid space. In one case, the patient recovered. 4. Since the walls of the abscesses apparently present an insuperable mechanical obstacle to the action of the antiserum and complement, the possibility of preventing the formation of abscesses is discussed. Earlier diagnosis and more rapid sterilization are the most obvious measures. Bactericidal experiments indicate that the proportion of antiserum to complement may be an important factor in bringing about a more rapid elimination of the bacilli.

scholarly journals Effect of Age and Lipoperoxidation in Rat and Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Mario F. Muñoz ◽  
Sandro Argüelles ◽  
Francesco Marotta ◽  
Mario Barbagallo ◽  
Mercedes Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation

A wide range of clinical applications in regenerative medicine were opened decades ago with the discovery of adult stem cells. Highly promising adult stem cells are mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSCs), primarily because of their abundance and accessibility. These cells have multipotent properties and have been used extensively to carry out autologous transplants. However, the biology of these cells is not entirely understood. Among other factors, the regeneration capacity of these cells will depend on both their capacity of proliferation/differentiation and the robustness of the biochemical pathways that allow them to survive under adverse conditions like those found in damaged tissues. The transcription factors, such as Nanog and Sox2, have been described as playing an important role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Also, the so-called longevity pathways, in which AMPK and SIRT1 proteins play a crucial role, are essential for cell homeostasis under stressful situations. These pathways act by inhibiting the translation through downregulation of elongation factor-2 (eEF2). In order to deepen knowledge of mesenchymal stem cell biology and which factors are determinant in the final therapeutic output, we evaluate in the present study the levels of all of these proteins in the ADSCs from humans and rats and how these levels are affected by aging and the oxidative environment. Due to the effect of aging and oxidative stress, our results suggest that before performing a cell therapy with ADSCs, several aspects reported in this study such as oxidative stress status and proliferation and differentiation capacity should be assessed on these cells. This would allow us to know the robustness of the transplanted cells and to predict the therapeutic result, especially in elder patients, where probably ADSCs do not carry out their biological functions in an optimal way.

scholarly journals Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human bone marrow and subcutaneous adipose tissue into pancreatic islet-like clusters in vitro

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhanasekaran Marappagounder ◽  
Indumathi Somasundaram ◽  
Sudarsanam Dorairaj ◽  
Rajkumar Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Pancreatic Islet ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lineage Differentiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

AbstractAlthough stem cells are present in various adult tissues and body fluids, bone marrow has been the most popular source of stem cells for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Recent results for stem cells from adipose tissue have put it in a position to compete for being the leading therapeutic source. The major advantage of these stem cells over their counterparts is their amazing proliferative and differentiation potency. However, their pancreatic lineage transdifferentiation competence was not compared to that for bone marrow-derived stem cells. This study aims to identify an efficient source for transdifferentiation into pancreatic islet-like clusters, which would increase potential application in curative diabetic therapy. The results reveal that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) derived from bone marrow and subcutaneous adipose tissue can differentiate into pancreatic islet-like clusters, as evidenced by their islet-like morphology, positive dithizone staining and expression of genes such as Nestin, PDX1, Isl 1, Ngn 3, Pax 4 and Insulin. The pancreatic lineage differentiation was further corroborated by positive results in the glucose challenge assay. However, the results indicate that bone marrow-derived MSCs are superior to those from subcutaneous adipose tissue in terms of differentiation into pancreatic islet-like clusters. In conclusion, bone marrow-derived MSC might serve as a better alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus than those from adipose tissue.

scholarly journals Advances in Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolation, Characterization, and Application in Regenerative Tissue Engineering

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umesh D. Wankhade ◽  
Michael Shen ◽  
Ravindra Kolhe ◽  
Sadanand Fulzele
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Potential Use

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that has been extensively researched in recent times. Obesity is characterized by excess deposition of adipose tissue in response to surplus energy. Despite the negative connotations of adipose tissue (AT), it serves as a critical endocrine organ. Adipose tissue is a source of several adipokines and cytokines which have been deemed important for both normal metabolic function and disease formation. The discoveries of metabolically active brown AT in adult humans and adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSC) have been key findings in the past decade with potential therapeutic implications. ADSCs represent an enticing pool of multipotent adult stem cells because of their noncontroversial nature, relative abundance, ease of isolation, and expandability. A decade and a half since the discovery of ADSCs, the scientific community is still working to uncover their therapeutic potential in a wide range of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent developments in the field of ADSCs and examine their potential use in transplantation and cell-based therapies for the regeneration of diseased organs and systems. We also hope to provide perspective on how to best utilize this readily available, powerful pool of stem cells in the future.

scholarly journals Differential regulation of the immune system in a brain-liver-fats organ network during short term fasting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susie S.Y. Huang ◽  
Melanie Makhlouf ◽  
Eman H. AbouMoussa ◽  
Mayra L. Ruiz Tejada Segura ◽  
Lisa S. Mathew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTDifferent fasting regimens are known to promote health, mitigate chronic immunological disorders, and improve age-related pathophysiological parameters in animals and humans. Indeed, several clinical trials are currently ongoing using fasting as a potential therapy for a wide range of conditions. Fasting alters metabolism by acting as a reset for energy homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of short-term fasting (STF) are still not well understood, particularly at the systems or multi-organ level. Here, we investigated the dynamic gene expression patterns associated with six periods of STF in nine different mouse organs. We cataloged the transcriptional dynamics within and between organs during STF and discovered differential temporal effects of STF among organs. Using gene ontology enrichment analysis, we identified an organ network sharing 37 common biological pathways perturbed by STF. This network incorporates the brain, liver, interscapular brown adipose tissue, and posterior-subcutaneous white adipose tissue, hence we named it the brain-liver-fats organ network. Using Reactome pathways analysis, we identified the immune system, dominated by T cell regulation processes, as a central and prominent target of systemic modulations during STF in this organ network. The changes we identified in specific immune components point to the priming of adaptive immunity and parallel the fine-tuning of innate immune signaling. Our study provides a comprehensive multi-organ transcriptomic profiling of mice subjected to multiple periods of STF, and adds new insights into the molecular modulators involved in the systemic immuno-transcriptomic changes that occur during short-term energy loss.

scholarly journals Congenital Hydrocephalic Monster in an Indigenous Gir Calf: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
DN Borakhatariya ◽  
Rupesh J Raval ◽  
Karsan B Vala ◽  
Bakti P Chavda ◽  
Sanny G Prajapati
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
Present Case Report ◽  
The Brain

There are several types of fetal dropsy (fetal ascites, fetal anasarca, fetal hydrocephalus), which have obstetrical importance preventing normal easy delivery of calf. Hydrocephalus is one of the fetal causes of dystocia. It is characterized by an accumulation of fluid which may be in the ventricular system or between the brain and the subarachnoid space. The swelling or enlargement of cranium occurs as a result of an imbalance between formation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (Arthur et al., 2001). This congenital dropsical condition is associated with an autosomal recessive gene, whereas some cases are due to BVD-MD or bluetongue virus infection in bovine (Roberts, 1986). Though this dropsical condition is rare in Gir cattle, it is reported in many other species (Dhami et al., 2007; Kumar et al., 2010; Parmar et al., 2018). The present case report depicts an unusual instance of hydrocephalic monster in an indigenous Gir calf, causing dystocia, which was successfully managed by per vaginum.

DNA Methylation Abnormality and Brain Dysfunction of Neural Stem Cells Caused by Chronic Inflammation by Nanoparticle Exposure

Impact ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (7) ◽  
pp. 28-30
Author(s):  
Ken Tachibana
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Associate Professor ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Brain

The biological development of a human is an extremely complex and delicate process. It starts from fertilisation and continues until long after birth. The creation and development of the brain is particularly complicated and susceptible to disruptions to its progression. The primary cells responsible for the development of the brain are the neural stem cells. These are a broad class of cells that can differentiate into the wide range of cell types that form the adult brain. To achieve this complex process, different cells need to undergo a range of gene expression changes at the right time. This is delicate and its disturbance is a key cause of pathology in a wide range of diseases. There are many external factors that are known to disrupt neural development however, there are several common chemicals whose effects remain largely unknown. One such group are broadly described as nanoparticles. These are small particles that are being increasingly used by many industries as they can help in the creation of products with better properties. However, their effect on the environment and the human body – particularly that of a developing brain – have been largely unexamined. Associate Professor Ken Tachibana of the Division of Hygienic Chemistry, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Japan is researching the effects of nanoparticles on neural development.

A Large Deformation Finite Element Model for Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel A. Lefever ◽  
José Jaime García ◽  
Joshua H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Brain

In a healthy brain, a continuous flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the choroid plexus, located in the lateral ventricles. Most of the CSF drains via the Sylvius aqueduct into the subarachnoid space around the brain, but a small amount flows directly through the cerebrum into the subarachnoid space inside the skull. Non-communicating hydrocephalus occurs when an obstruction blocks the Sylvius aqueduct. Because the cerebrum has only limited capacity for CSF to flow through it, CSF accumulates in the ventricles, yielding a significant increase in ventricular volume and deformation of the cerebrum, which may lead to tissue damage.

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