Advancements on Adjuvanticity of Bioactive Inorganic and Organic Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhimli Banerjee ◽  
Sananda Dey ◽  
Kazi Monjur Ali ◽  
Biplab Giri ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Dash
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Successful Vaccine ◽  
Challenging Situation

Background: Regardless of the enormous success of vaccines over decades, the formulation of biocompatible and highly effective vaccines is still insufficient for combating new pathogens. Discussion: The degree of effectiveness of any vaccine largely depends on the choice of appropriate adjuvant. Along with the optimum biocompatibility, an ideal adjuvant must be biodegradable, economical and easy to manufacture. To date, various organic and inorganic substances are used as adjuvant to augment the effectiveness of the vaccine. Immunological adjuvant is essentials for strong and long-term effects against various pathogens. However, there are a very limited number of licensed adjuvant are available for formulation of a successful vaccine. This produces a challenging situation in medical science. Conclusion: The present review concisely summarizes the mechanism of action of various bioactive organic and inorganic immunological adjuvant, their limitations and future perspectives for their appropriate modification. Current trends of anticancer therapies using immunological adjuvant has also highlighted in this review.

A troubled View of Current Trends in Forensic Psychiatry

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour L. Halleck
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Social Purpose ◽  
Current Trends

Increasing involvement of psychiatrists in legal issues seems inevitable. As the courts are being asked to resolve more and more social conflicts they have understandably sought the assistance of specialists who allegedly bring expertise and prestige to the decision-making process. While psychiatrists can sometimes help the courts make more informed decisions, there is good reason to question whether much of current psychiatric involvement in legal issues serves a useful social purpose. Psychiatrists are also spending more time in the courtroom defending certain treatments of patients that had never before been questioned. The validity of attacks on certain psychiatric practices and the potential long-term effects on the treatment of patients must be reappraised in terms of current social conditions.

scholarly journals Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure: Emerging Evidence of Physiological and Neuropsychiatric Abnormalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina G. Nashed ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy ◽  
Steven R. Laviolette
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Social

Clinical reports of cannabis use prevalence during pregnancy vary widely from 3% to upwards of 35% in North America; this disparity likely owing to underestimates from self-reporting in many cases. The rise in cannabis use is mirrored by increasing global legalization and the overall perceptions of safety, even during pregnancy. These trends are further compounded by a lack of evidence-based policy and guidelines for prenatal cannabis use, which has led to inconsistent messaging by healthcare providers and medically licensed cannabis dispensaries regarding prenatal cannabis use for treatment of symptoms, such as nausea. Additionally, the use of cannabis to self-medicate depression and anxiety during pregnancy is a growing medical concern. This review aims to summarize recent findings of clinical and preclinical data on neonatal outcomes, as well as long-term physiological and neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal cannabis exposure. Although many of the outcomes under investigation have produced mixed results, we consider these data in light of the unique challenges facing cannabis research. In particular, the limited longitudinal clinical studies available have not previously accounted for the exponential increase in (-)-Δ9– tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9–THC; the psychoactive compound in cannabis) concentrations found in cannabis over the past two decades. Polydrug use and the long-term effects of individual cannabis constituents [Δ9–THC vs. cannabidiol (CBD)] are also understudied, along with sex-dependent outcomes. Despite these limitations, prenatal cannabis exposure has been linked to low birth weight, and emerging evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to Δ9–THC, which crosses the placenta and impacts placental development, may have wide-ranging physiological and neurodevelopmental consequences. The long-term effects of these changes require more rigorous investigation, though early reports suggest Δ9–THC increases the risk of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disease, including psychosis, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. In light of the current trends in the perception and use of cannabis during pregnancy, we emphasize the social and medical imperative for more rigorous investigation of the long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure.

Safety-Related Aspects due to the Chemotoxicity of Radioactive Waste to Be Disposed of

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Brennecke
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Waste ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Specific Safety ◽  
Geological Formations ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract According to the German disposal concept, all radioactive waste has to be emplaced in a repository constructed and operated in deep geological formations. To get a more detailed insight into site-specific safety-related issues, it is meaningful to perform additional investigations into the radiotoxicity and chemotoxicity. Thus, an evaluation including the hazard potential of organic and inorganic substances being the major constituents of waste packages to be disposed of becomes possible. In addition, possible releases via the water path must be investigated and assessed with regard to the safety of a repository during the post-closure phase, i.e. the radiological long-term effects (radionuclide-specific radiation exposures) as well as the possible pollution of near-surface groundwater by organic and inorganic substances. The latter will particularly take into account the principle of concern of section 34 “Reinhaltung” (Keeping Pure) of the Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG – Water Resources Management Act).

scholarly journals Fecal microbiota transplantation in hepatic encephalopathy : a review of the current evidence and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
E Afecto ◽  
A Ponte ◽  
S Fernandes ◽  
J Silva ◽  
C Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Advanced Cirrhosis

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a leading cause of hospita-lization and morbimortality in advanced cirrhosis with limited therapeutic options available. Given the paramount role of gut microbiota in HE, and the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in other diseases, this review intends to summarize the evidence supporting the safety, efficacy and future perspectives of FMT in HE. Current evidence, despite being scarce, points towards FMT being a safe, effective and tolerable procedure in HE. Some unanswered questions remain about the optimal dose, the administration route, the long term effects and the selection of the optimal donor. Future trials, some of which are already underway, will provide us additional evidence and hopefully the necessary answers.

scholarly journals Review of Long-Term Consequences of Maternal Methamphetamine Exposure

2019 ◽  
pp. S219-S231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. ŠLAMBEROVÁ
Keyword(s):  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Drug Addicts ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Hard Drugs

Methamphetamine is one of the most abused hard drugs in the Czech Republic. Its popularity is high not only in Eastern Bloc of Europe but is growing in other countries around the world, including the United States. In addition, methamphetamine abuse increases in drug addicts during pregnancy. Although research into the long-term effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure has been ongoing for many years, the exact mechanism of action and factors that may influence the effect of this drug are still not fully understood. There have been many studies that investigated the effects of addictive substances on the behavior and cognitive function of individuals during adolescence. Some studies have shown prenatal or perinatal influences, e.g. drugs, stress, hypoxia, and malnutrition, can affect drug sensitivity or drug-seeking behavior in adulthood. However, when these factors are most impactful, i.e. prenatal vs. perinatal, and which stages of the prenatal and perinatal periods are the most sensitive to these factors is not yet clear. Our laboratory specializes in research on the effects of drugs (especially methamphetamine) on rat mothers and their offspring during postnatal development, adolescence, and adulthood. This review summarizes our past results on the long-term effects of methamphetamine on the mother and her offspring, its mechanism of action, the role of maternal care, the possible emergence of long-term sensitization, and the critical neurodevelopmental periods for methamphetamine exposure.

Tissue Levels of Chlorpromazine in Experimental Animals

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (445) ◽  
pp. 1501-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Berger Wechsler ◽  
Leon Roizin
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Tissue Levels

The increasing use of tranquillizers in the treatment of mental disorders has made it imperative to study both the immediate and long-term effects of these drugs in order to establish their limits of safety. One of the approaches that appeared important to us was the correlation of the histological findings (Roizin, True and Knight, 1959) with tissue levels of the drug. In addition to its significance from the pathological standpoint, such a study may also furnish information towards a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these drugs.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

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