scholarly journals Fecal microbiota transplantation in hepatic encephalopathy : a review of the current evidence and future perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
E Afecto ◽  
A Ponte ◽  
S Fernandes ◽  
J Silva ◽  
C Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Advanced Cirrhosis

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a leading cause of hospita-lization and morbimortality in advanced cirrhosis with limited therapeutic options available. Given the paramount role of gut microbiota in HE, and the efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in other diseases, this review intends to summarize the evidence supporting the safety, efficacy and future perspectives of FMT in HE. Current evidence, despite being scarce, points towards FMT being a safe, effective and tolerable procedure in HE. Some unanswered questions remain about the optimal dose, the administration route, the long term effects and the selection of the optimal donor. Future trials, some of which are already underway, will provide us additional evidence and hopefully the necessary answers.

scholarly journals Future Directions in Reducing Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children With ASD Using Fecal Microbiota Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Żebrowska ◽  
Izabela Łaczmańska ◽  
Łukasz Łaczmański
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Age Range

Research on the use of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in the treatment of disorders related to digestive system ailments in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is a new attempt in a therapeutic approach. There are very little scientific evidences available on this emerging alternative method. However, it appears to be interesting not only because of its primary outcome, relieving the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, but also secondary therapeutic effect of alleviating autistic behavioral symptoms. FMT seems to be also promising method in the treatment of another group of pediatric patients, children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study is to discuss the potential use of FMT and modified protocols (MTT, microbiota transfer therapy) in the treatment of GI disorders in ASD children supported by reports on another disease, IBD concerning pediatric patients. Due to the few reports of the use of FMT in the treatment of children, these two patients groups were selected, although suffering from distant health conditions: neurodevelopmental disorder and gastrointestinal tract diseases, because of the the fact that they seem related in aspects of the presence of GI symptoms, disturbed intestinal microbiota, unexplained etiology of the condition and age range of patients. Although the outcomes for all are promising, this type of therapy is still an under-researched topic, studies in the group of pediatric patients are sparse, also there is a high risk of transmission of infectious and noninfectious elements during the procedure and no long-term effects on global health are known. For those reasons all obtained results should be taken with a great caution. However, in the context of future therapeutic directions for GI observed in neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, the topic seems worthy of attention.

scholarly journals Current evidence and the emerging role of eltrombopag in severe aplastic anemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 204062072199812
Author(s):  
Beatrice Drexler ◽  
Jakob Passweg
Keyword(s):  
Aplastic Anemia ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
High Doses

Acquired aplastic anemia (AA) is characterized by a reduced stem cell reserve. Several preclinical studies have confirmed the beneficial effect of thrombopoietin (TPO) on the expansion and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Thus, TPO receptor agonists seem to be an ideal therapeutic agent for AA to augment marrow function. First studies with eltrombopag as a single agent at 150 mg/day showed an overall response rate of 40–50% in patients with refractory severe AA (rSAA). Subsequent studies examined the first-line use of eltrombopag together with horse antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine, reaching response rates up to 94%. Although used at high doses, known adverse events in the form of skin, gastrointestinal, or hepatic impairment are feasible in AA, however first data show a relatively high rate of clonal evolution in the form of karyotypic aberrations in patients with rAA. Nonetheless, there is a strong rationale that eltrombopag can contribute to restoring hematopoiesis in SAA by stimulating HSCs. Further studies are needed to decide if eltrombopag is clearly superior to current established treatments and to determine optimal treatment duration, dosage, and long-term effects.

Fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal and extraintestinal disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 1173-1183
Author(s):  
Gianluca Ianiro ◽  
Jonathan P Segal ◽  
Benjamin H Mullish ◽  
Mohammed N Quraishi ◽  
Serena Porcari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the infusion of feces from a healthy donor into the gut of a recipient to treat a dysbiosis-related disease. FMT has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for Clostridioides difficile infection, but increasing evidence supports the role of FMT in other gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases. The aim of this review is to paint the landscape of current evidence of FMT in different fields of application (including irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, liver disorders, decolonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria, metabolic disorders and neurological disorders), as well as to discuss the current regulatory scenario of FMT, and hypothesize future directions of FMT.

scholarly journals Establishment and Resilience of Transplanted Gut Microbiota in Aged Mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wang ◽  
Jinhui Tang ◽  
Qingqing Lv ◽  
Yuxiang Tan ◽  
Xiaoxiao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Term Maintenance

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a procedure in which fecal material is transferred from a donor to a recipient, has been increasingly used as a treatment to restore healthy gut microbiota. There is a substantial difference in the composition of gut microbiota between young and aged hosts, but little is known about whether age matching between the FMT donor and recipient affects microbiota restoration and long-term maintenance. In the present investigation, we aimed to study the establishment and resilience of transplanted gut microbiota in aged recipients. We treated naturally aged mice (20 months old) with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail and monitored the restoration of gut microbiota over 8 weeks. The diversity of gut microbiota in aged mice failed to reach the baseline level via spontaneous recovery; in contrast, FMT from either (age-)matched or unmatched donors facilitated the recovery of gut microbiota diversity. The microbiota transplanted from different donors successfully established in the aged recipients and had long-term effects on the gene expression profiles of the host colon. Finally, we evaluated the long-term maintenance of transplanted microbiota via intentional disruption of gut homeostasis. We found that lack of age matching between FMT donors and recipients may decrease the resilience of transplanted gut microbiota against colonic inflammation. The results from our study systematically examining the effects of FMT on the gut homeostasis of aged hosts suggest that the compatibility between donors and recipients should be taken into account when implementing FMT.

scholarly journals Long‐term effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdy El‐Salhy ◽  
Anja Bråthen Kristoffersen ◽  
Jørgen Valeur ◽  
Christina Casen ◽  
Jan Gunnar Hatlebakk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Irritable Bowel

scholarly journals Fecal Transplantation Treatment of Antibiotic-Induced, Noninfectious Colitis and Long-Term Microbiota Follow-Up

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reetta Satokari ◽  
Susana Fuentes ◽  
Eero Mattila ◽  
Jonna Jalanka ◽  
Willem M. de Vos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Rectal Mucosa ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Transplantation

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrentClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) and is considered as a treatment for other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. We followed up the relief of symptoms and long-term, over-a-year microbiota stabilization in a 46-year-old man, who underwent FMT for antibiotic-induced, non-CDI colitis nine months after being treated for CDI by FMT. Fecal and mucosal microbiota was analyzed before the second FMT and during 14 months after FMT by using a high-throughput phylogenetic microarray. FMT resolved the symptoms and restored normal GI-function. Microbiota analysis revealed increased bacterial diversity in the rectal mucosa and a stable fecal microbiota up to three months after FMT. A number of mucosa-associated bacteria increased after FMT and some of these bacteria remained increased in feces up to 14 months. Notably, the increased bacteria includedBifidobacteriumspp. and various representatives ofClostridiumclusters IV and XIVa, such asClostridium leptum,Oscillospira guillermondii,Sporobacter termitidis,Anaerotruncus colihominis,Ruminococcus callidus,R. bromii,Lachnospira pectinoschiza, andC. colinum, which are presumed to be anti-inflammatory. The presented case suggests a possible role of microbiota in restoring and maintaining normal GI-functionality and improves our knowledge on the etiology of antibiotic-induced, noninfectious colitis.

scholarly journals The Role of Pathogens and Anti-Infective Agents in Parkinson’s Disease, from Etiology to Therapeutic Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Si Shen ◽  
Chan Zhang ◽  
Yu-ming Xu ◽  
Chang-he Shi
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Effective Treatments

Parkinson’s disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder whose etiology is still unclear, hampering the development of effective treatments. There is an urgent need to identify the etiology and provide further effective treatments. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that infection may play a role in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. The infective pathogens may act as a trigger for Parkinson’s disease, the most common of which are hepatitis C virus, influenza virus, and Helicobacter pylori. In addition, gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to influence brain function through the gut-brain axis, showing an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, a series of anti-infective agents exhibit surprising neuroprotective effects via various mechanisms, such as interfering with α-synuclein aggregation, inhibiting neuroinflammation, attenuating oxidative stress, and preventing from cell death, independent of their antimicrobial effects. The pleiotropic agents affect important events in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, most of them are less toxic, clinically safe and have good blood-brain penetrability, making them hopeful candidates for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, the use of antibiotics and subsequent gut dysbiosis may also play a role in Parkinson’s disease, making the long-term effects of anti-infective drugs worthy of further consideration and exploration. This review summarizes the current evidence for the association between infective pathogens and Parkinson’s disease and subsequently explores the application prospects of anti-infective drugs in Parkinson’s disease treatment, providing novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.

Reshaping the Economic Structure in Argentina: The Role of External Debt during the Macri Administration (2015–2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 048661342097642
Author(s):  
Juan E. Santarcángelo ◽  
Juan Manuel Padín
Keyword(s):  
External Debt ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Long Term Effects

Argentina’s right-wing shift in the 2015 presidential election concluded twelve years of center-left rule. The elected president, Mauricio Macri, claimed that the economy would experience normalization of existing imbalances and recover its strength in a “new political era.” However, the new administration quickly restored the dominance of neoliberal economic policies through a comprehensive set of initiatives, which centrally included the return to international financial debt and equity markets and submission to the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) rules. This article analyzes Argentina’s external-debt-growth process and discusses its objectives and long-term effects. This paper posits that the indebtedness process carried out by the Macri administration—and its modality—not only increased the relevance of financial capital in the Argentine economy but also structurally conditioned any future nonorthodox alternative path of development. This outcome cannot be understood without taking into account the deliberate role of the United States, the IMF, and the top companies that operate in Argentina, as well as the complicity of many political sectors. JEL Classification: H63, F34, F63

scholarly journals Crosstalk between Gut and Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota Modulation Strategies

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 690
Author(s):  
Umair Shabbir ◽  
Muhammad Sajid Arshad ◽  
Aysha Sameen ◽  
Deog-Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Dynamic Population

The gut microbiota (GM) represents a diverse and dynamic population of microorganisms and about 100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells that dwell in the gastrointestinal tract. Studies suggest that the GM can influence the health of the host, and several factors can modify the GM composition, such as diet, drug intake, lifestyle, and geographical locations. Gut dysbiosis can affect brain immune homeostasis through the microbiota–gut–brain axis and can play a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The relationship between gut dysbiosis and AD is still elusive, but emerging evidence suggests that it can enhance the secretion of lipopolysaccharides and amyloids that may disturb intestinal permeability and the blood–brain barrier. In addition, it can promote the hallmarks of AD, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta formation, insulin resistance, and ultimately the causation of neural death. Poor dietary habits and aging, along with inflammatory responses due to dysbiosis, may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, GM modulation through diet, probiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation could represent potential therapeutics in AD. In this review, we discuss the role of GM dysbiosis in AD and potential therapeutic strategies to modulate GM in AD.

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