Comparison of Biomechanical Parameters between Medial and Lateral Compartments of Human Knee Joints

Background: The knowledge of biomechanics helps in predicting stresses in different parts of the knee joint during daily activities. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical parameters of the knee joint, such as contact pressure, contact area, and maximum compressive stress, at full extension position during the gait cycle. Methods: The three-dimensional finite element models of human knee joints are developed from magnetic resonance images (MRI) of multiple healthy subjects. The knee joints are subjected to an axial compressive force of 1150 N at full extension position. Results: The maximum compressive stresses on the medial and lateral tibial cartilages were 2.98±0.51 MPa and 2.57±0.53 MPa, respectively. The maximum compressive stresses on the medial and lateral menisci were 2.81±0.92 MPa and 2.52±0.97 MPa, respectively. The contact area estimated on medial and lateral tibial cartilages were 701±89 mm2 and 617±63 mm2, respectively. Conclusion: The results were validated using experimental and numerical results from literature and were found to be in good agreement. The magnitude of maximum compressive stress and the contact pressure was found to be higher at the medial portion of the cartilages as compared to that in the lateral portion of the cartilages. This study shows that the medial meniscus is more prone to tear under severe loading conditions, as the stresses in the medial meniscus are higher than that in the lateral meniscus. The total contact area in the medial tibial cartilage is larger than that in the lateral tibial cartilage.

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Load-Bearing in the Ovine Medial Tibial Condyle: Effect of Meniscectomy

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1633027 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 06 (02) ◽

pp. 100-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. M. Pickles ◽

C. R. Bellenger

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Contact Area ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Total Removal ◽

Load Bearing ◽

Human Knee ◽

Biochemical Effects ◽

Pressure Sensitive ◽

Medial Meniscectomy ◽

Tibial Condyle

SummaryTotal removal of a knee joint meniscus is followed by osteoarthritis in many mammalian species. Altered load-bearing has been observed in the human knee following meniscectomy but less is known about biochemical effects of meniscectomy in other species. Using pressure sensitive paper in sheep knee (stifle) joints it was found that, for comparable loads, the load-bearing area on the medial tibial condyle was significantly reduced following medial meniscectomy. Also, for loads of between 50 N and 500 N applied to the whole joint, the slope of the regression of contact area against load was much smaller. Following medial meniscectomy, the ability to increase contact area as load increased was markedly reduced.The load bearing area on the medial tibial condyle was reduced following meniscectomy.

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How the External Impact Energy Affects the Internal Kinetics of Knee Joint: The Comparison of Porcine and Human Knee Joint

Advances in Bioengineering ◽

10.1115/imece2003-42913 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Jaw-Lin Wang ◽

Cheng-Hsien Chung ◽

Chung-Kai Chiang

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Impact Energy ◽

Impact Loading ◽

Bending Moment ◽

Knee Joints ◽

External Energy ◽

Human Knee ◽

Human Knee Joint ◽

Internal Joint ◽

Porcine Knee

Degenerative osteoarthritis is recognized as the consequences of mechanical injuries. The abnormal impact force applied to articular cartilage would result in bone fracture or surface fissuring, and would cause the osteoarthritis [1,2]. The relation among the injury and impact energy was well studied. However, how the external energy attenuated to the internal joint is not carefully studied yet. The porcine knee joint was used as a biomechanical model for the simulation of human knee joint during impact loading. The objective of current study was to find the variation of kinetic characteristics between human and porcine knee joint during axial impact loading. Eight fresh-frozen knee joints from 10 month-old swine and seven cadaver human knee joints were used in the experiment. The mechanical responses such as forces and bending moment of knee joint, and the accelerations of femur was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that the axial force response between human and porcine joints was similar, however, the anteroposterior shear, flexion bening moment and accelerations of these two joints were different.

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Ligament Strain in the Human Knee Joint

Journal of Basic Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3424920 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

pp. 131-136 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

R. G. Edwards ◽

J. F. Lafferty ◽

K. O. Lange

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Analytical Model ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Strain Gauges ◽

Cruciate Ligaments ◽

Human Knee ◽

Human Knee Joint ◽

Ligament Strain ◽

Good Agreement

The kinematics of the human knee joint and the strain of the ligaments as a function of flexion are determined analytically and experimentally. The experimental results were obtained in 13 tests of four knee joints in which the strain in each of the two collateral and two cruciate ligaments was measured with mercury strain gauges while the tibia was rotated through a flexion angle of 130 deg. The values of the relative ligament strain obtained from the analytical model are in good agreement with the experimental results.

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A Study of Wear Articular Cartilage of Synovial Human Knee Joint Using Non-Newtonian Elastic Mathematical Model

Iraqi Journal of Science ◽

10.24996/ijs.2020.61.6.19 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1407-1418

Author(s):

Enas Yahya Abdullah ◽

Hala Khdhie

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Articular Cartilage ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Elastic Deformation ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Squeeze Film ◽

Human Knee ◽

Human Knee Joint ◽

Lubrication Condition ◽

Film Characteristics

In this paper, the wear in layers of articular cartilage was calculated, parameters effective on elastic deformation were studied in normal and diseased knee joints, and relations between elastic deformation and squeeze film characteristics under lubrication condition were discussed with using a mathematical model. Conferring to the results obtained, elastic deformation effects on the performance of synovial human knee joint were analyzed from medical and dynamics perspectives. Relationships between elastic deformation and wear of layers were also discussed.

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The MRI posterior drawer test to assess posterior cruciate ligament functionality and knee joint laxity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-99216-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lena Marie Wollschläger ◽

Karl Ludger Radke ◽

Justus Schock ◽

Niklas Kotowski ◽

David Latz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Posterior Cruciate Ligament ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Joint Laxity ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Joint Models ◽

Human Knee ◽

Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Therapeutic Decision Making

AbstractClinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of joints is limited to mere morphologic evaluation and fails to directly visualize joint or ligament function. In this controlled laboratory study, we show that knee joint functionality may be quantified in situ and as a function of graded posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-deficiency by combining MRI and standardized loading. 11 human knee joints underwent MRI under standardized posterior loading in the unloaded and loaded (147 N) configurations and in the intact, partially, and completely PCL-injured conditions. For each specimen, configuration, and condition, 3D joint models were implemented to analyse joint kinematics based on 3D Euclidean vectors and their projections on the Cartesian planes. Manual 2D measurements served as reference. With increasing PCL deficiency, vector projections increased significantly in the anteroposterior dimension under loading and manual measurements demonstrated similar patterns of change. Consequently, if combined with advanced image post-processing, stress MRI is a powerful diagnostic adjunct to evaluate ligament functionality and joint laxity in multiple dimensions and may have a role in differentiating PCL injury patterns, therapeutic decision-making, and treatment monitoring.

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Anthropometric Analysis of Human Knee Joint in Indian Population

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i58a34141 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 478-484

Author(s):

Ratnakar Ambade ◽

Ankit Jaiswal

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Indian Population ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Distal Femur ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Human Knee ◽

Human Knee Joint ◽

Part Dimension ◽

The Right ◽

Complex Surgical Procedures

Background: It is well understood that distal femoral and proximal tibia scale is lower in case of the Asian than that of their western counterparts. Because of the Asian population's comparatively smaller structure and stature, many surgeons claim that imported implants may not be well fitted for Asian origin patients, mainly based on Western morphometry. It is very likely that an overweight section will be used in many Asian centres in most operations, resulting in low results of the procedure of the implant. For joint substitution of distal femur, careful positioning of fitted implants as well as balancing of underlying soft tissues is important. It is also important to use incredibly complex surgical procedures. To retain its usual functional motion spectrum, use of a suitable femoral part dimension is necessary. Furthermore, owing to a discrepancy between the size of the prosthesis and the bone, there could be a host of serious issues. Objectives: To calculate the anthropometric distal femur parameter and determine the distal femur variations on the right and left side of the morph metric measurement and to evaluate dimension of current TKA as related to Indian population. Methodology: This study included visiting the out patients Department of Orthopedics, at AVBRH in the age group 30-50 year during the period of June-2020 to April-2023 with sample size of 50 patients. Detailed history and clinical review will be taken, including age, sex, socio-economic background, type of employment. In all patients involved in the study in Orthopedic OPD, thorough radiological assessment of all the knee joints will be performed. The radiological test and various anthropometrics will include knee joint Simple X-ray and CT-Scan. Expected Results: We expect that from our results, anthropometric measurements of Indian population may differ from other literatures.

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Biomechanics of aging and osteoarthritic human knee ligaments

10.1101/2021.11.21.469435 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abby E Peters ◽

Brendan Geraghty ◽

Karl T Bates ◽

Riaz Akhtar ◽

Rosti Readioff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Material Properties ◽

Small Sample ◽

Failure Stress ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Knee Ligaments ◽

Human Knee ◽

Subject Specific ◽

Linear Force ◽

And Cartilage

Background. Ligaments work to stabilize the human knee joint and prevent excessive movement. Whilst ligaments are known to decline in structure and function with aging, there has been no systematic effort to study changes in gross mechanical properties in the four major human knee ligaments due to osteoarthritis (OA). This study aims to collate material properties for the anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL) cruciate ligaments, medial (MCL) and lateral (LCL) collateral ligaments. Our cadaveric samples come from a diverse demographic from which the effects of aging and OA on bone and cartilage material properties have already been quantified. Therefore, by combining our previous bone and cartilage data with the new ligament data from this study we are facilitating subject-specific whole-joint modelling studies. Methods. The demographics of the collected cadaveric knee joints were diverse with age range between 31 to 88 years old, and OA International Cartilage Repair Society grade 0 to 4. Twelve cadaveric human knee joints were dissected, and bone-ligament-bone specimens were extracted for mechanical loading to failure. Ligament material properties were determined from the load-extension curves, namely: linear and ultimate (failure) stress and strain, secant modulus, tangent modulus, and stiffness. Results. There were significant negative correlations between age and ACL linear force (p=0.01), stress (p=0.03) and extension (p=0.05), ACL failure force (p=0.02), stress (p=0.02) and extension (p=0.02), PCL secant (p=0.02) and tangent (p=0.02) modulus, and LCL stiffness (p=0.05). Significant negative correlations were also found between OA grades and ACL linear force (p=0.05), stress (p=0.02), extension (p=0.01) and strain (p=0.03), and LCL failure stress (p=0.05). However, changes in age or OA grade did not show a statistically significant correlation with the MCL tensile parameters. Trends showed that almost all the tensile parameters of the ACL and PCLs decreased with increasing age and progression of OA. Due to small sample size, the combined effect of age and presence of OA could not be statistically derived. Conclusions. This research is the first to correlate changes in tensile properties of the four major human knee ligaments to aging and OA. The current ligament study when combined with our previous findings on bone and cartilage for the same twelve knee cadavers, supports conceptualization of OA as a whole-joint disease that impairs the integrity of many peri-articular tissues within the knee. The subject-specific data pool consisting of the material properties of the four major knee ligaments, subchondral and trabecular bones and articular cartilage will aid reconstruction and graft replacements and advance knee joint finite element models, whilst knowledge of aged or diseased mechanics may direct future therapeutic interventions.

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Influence of reduction accuracy in lateral tibial plateau fractures on intra-articular friction – a biomechanical study

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12891-019-3020-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Walter ◽

Alexander Beck ◽

Christopher Jacob ◽

Ulf Krister Hofmann ◽

Ulrich Stöckle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

New Method ◽

Knee Joints ◽

Dissipated Energy ◽

Anterolateral Approach ◽

Human Knee ◽

Current Limit ◽

Human Knee Joint ◽

Measurement Protocol ◽

Step Down

Abstract Background Lateral tibial split fractures (LTSF) usually require surgical therapy with screw or plate osteosynthesis. Excellent anatomical reduction of the fracture is thereby essential to avoid post-traumatic osteoarthritis. In clinical practice, a gap and step of 2 mm have been propagated as maximum tolerable limit. To date, biomechanical studies regarding tibial fractures have been limited to pressure measurement, but the relationship between dissipated energy (DE) as a friction parameter and reduction accuracy in LTSF has not been investigated. In past experiments, we developed a new method to measure DE in ovine knee joints. To determine weather non-anatomical fracture reduction with lateral gap or vertical step condition leads to relevant changes in DE in the human knee joint, we tested the applicability of the new method on human LTSFs and investigated whether the current limit of 2 mm gap and step is durable from a biomechanical point of view. Methods Seven right human, native knee joint specimens were cyclically moved under 400 N axial load using a robotic system. During the cyclic motion, the flexion angle and the respective torque were recorded and the DE was calculated. First, DE was measured after an anterolateral approach had been performed (condition “native”). Then a LTSF was set with a chisel, reduced anatomically, fixed with two set screws and DE was measured (“even”). DE of further reductions was then measured with gaps of 1 mm and 2 mm, and a 2 mm step down or a 2 mm step up was measured. Results We successfully established a measurement protocol for DE in human knee joints with LTSF. While gaps led to small though statistically significant increase (1 mm gap:ΔDE compared with native = 0.030 J/cycle, (+ 21%), p = 0.02; 2 mm gap:ΔDE = 0.032 J/cycle, (+ 22%), p = 0.009), this increase almost doubled when reducing in a step-down condition (ΔDE = 0.058 J/cycle, (+ 56%), p = 0.042) and even tripled in the step-up condition (ΔDE = 0.097 J/cycle, (+ 94%), p = 0.004). Conclusions Based on our biomechanical findings, we suggest avoiding step conditions in the daily work in the operating theatre. Gap conditions can be handled a bit more generously.

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Studies on the innervation of the medial meniscus in the human knee joint

The Anatomical Record ◽

10.1002/ar.1091650404 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 165 (4) ◽

pp. 485-491 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

A. S. Wilson ◽

P. G. Legg ◽

J. C. McNeur

Keyword(s):

Knee Joint ◽

Medial Meniscus ◽

Human Knee ◽

Human Knee Joint

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Development of a 3-D Non-Linear Finite Element Model of Human Knee Joint

Advances in Bioengineering ◽

10.1115/imece2002-32608 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Yuhua Song ◽

Richard E. Debski ◽

Jorge Gil ◽

Savio L.-Y. Woo

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Knee Joint ◽

Soft Tissues ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Element Model ◽

Fe Model ◽

Full Extension ◽

Human Knee ◽

Human Knee Joint ◽

Non Linear

A 3-D finite element (FE) model of the knee is needed to more accurately analyze the kinematics of a knee joint as well as the function of various soft tissues such as ligaments. The data obtained can provide a better understanding of mechanisms of injury and offer valuable information for ligament reconstruction and rehabilitation protocols. The objective of this study was to develop a 3-D non-linear FE model of a human knee and determine its kinematics and the force and stress distributions within the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in response to anterior tibial loads at full extension. This model was validated by comparing the computed results to data obtained experimentally by a Robotic/UFS testing system [1].

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