scholarly journals New Lightning Detection Networks in Poland – LINET and LLDN

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Loboda ◽  
Hans D. Betz ◽  
Piotr Baranski ◽  
Jan Wiszniowski ◽  
Zdzislaw Dziewit
Keyword(s):  
Detection System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Time Signals ◽  
Real Time Operation ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Total Lightning ◽  
The Cost

Lightning detection in Poland is performed by means of a PERUN (Safir 3000) system operated by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Poland is also partly covered by a VLF/LF lightning detection system (CLDN, Central Lightning Detection Network). Both sources of lightning data have their limitations resulting from detection technique, limited number of sensors and geographical configuration, with the consequence of shortcomings in the data quality. For this reason, a new network has been installed in Poland and started continuous real-time operation in May 2006. It is LINET that covers entire Poland and is complemented by numerous sensors positioned in surrounding countries. In 2007 additional LINET sensors have been installed in Poland in order to allow exploitation of reduced baselines for efficient achievement of total lightning. In the frame of the COST P18 Action “Physics of Lightning Flash and Its Effects” another new Polish project started in 2006 related to regional lightning location. At present, the Local Lightning Detection Network (LLDN) undergoes installation in the region of Warsaw. LLDN will consist of six individual stations equipped with E-field antennae and digital recorders synchronized with GPS time signals. The aim of LLDN installation is complement other networks covering region of Warsaw (PERUN, LINET) and to provide an additional source of lightning CG data with high sensitivity in a relatively small area. In the paper are described general characteristics of LINET in Poland, as well as basic characteristics and assumed performance of LLDN, which will start operation in 2008.

The Relationship between Total Cloud Lightning Behavior and Radar-Derived Thunderstorm Structure

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Metzger ◽  
Wendell A. Nuss
Keyword(s):  
Weather Type ◽  
Severe Weather ◽  
Characteristic Change ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Fort Worth ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Total Lightning ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Total lightning detection systems have been in development since the mid-1980s and deployed in several areas around the world. Previous studies on total lightning found intra- and intercloud lightning (IC) activity tends to fluctuate significantly during the lifetime of thunderstorms and have indicated that lightning jumps or rapid changes in lightning flash rates are closely linked to changes in the vertical integrated liquid (VIL) reading on the National Weather Service’s Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) systems. This study examines the total lightning and its relationship to WSR-88D signatures used operationally to determine thunderstorm severity to highlight the potential benefit of a combined forecast approach. Lightning and thunderstorm data from the Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas, and Tucson, Arizona, areas from 2006 to 2009, were used to relate total lightning behavior and radar interrogation techniques. The results indicate that lightning jumps can be classified into severe wind, hail, or mixed-type jumps based on the behavior of various radar-based parameters. In 25 of 34 hail-type jumps and in 18 of 20 wind-type jumps, a characteristic change in cloud-to-ground (CG) versus IC lightning flash rates occurred prior to the report of severe weather. For hail-type jumps, IC flash rates increased, while CG flash rates were steady or decreased. For wind-type jumps, CG flash rates increased, while IC flash rates either increased (12 of 18) or were steady or decreased (6 of 18). Although not every lightning jump resulted in a severe weather report, the characteristic behavior in flash rates adds information to radar-based approaches for nowcasting the severe weather type.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Approach to Assess the Performance of Lightning Detection Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip M. Bitzer ◽  
Jeffrey C. Burchfield ◽  
Hugh J. Christian
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Optical Detectors ◽  
Bayesian Techniques ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Spatial Domains ◽  
Stroke Type ◽  
Total Lightning ◽  
Imaging Sensor

AbstractHistorically, researchers explore the effectiveness of one lightning detection system with respect to another system; that is, the probability that system A detects a discharge given that system B detected the same discharge is estimated. Since no system detects all lightning, a more rigorous comparison should include the reverse process—that is, the probability that system B detects a discharge given that system A detected it. Further, the comparison should use the fundamental physical process detected by each system. Of particular interest is the comparison of ground-based radio frequency detectors with space-based optical detectors. Understanding these relationships is critical as the availability and use of lightning data, both ground based and space based, increases. As an example, this study uses Bayesian techniques to compare the effectiveness of the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN), a ground-based wideband network, and the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS), a space-based optical detector. This comparison is completed by matching LIS groups and ENTLN pulses, each of which correspond to stroke-type discharges. The comparison covers the period from 2009 to 2013 over several spatial domains. In 2013 LIS detected 52.0% of the discharges ENTLN reported within the LIS field of view globally and 53.2% near North America. Conversely, ENTLN detected 5.9% of the pulses detected by LIS globally and 26.9% near North America in 2013. Using these results in the Bayesian-based methodology outlined, the study finds that LIS detected 80.1% of discharges near North America in 2013, while ENTLN detected 40.1%.

scholarly journals A Digital Protein Microarray for COVID-19 Cytokine Storm Monitoring

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujing Song ◽  
Yuxuan Ye ◽  
Shiuan-Haur Su ◽  
Andrew Stephens ◽  
Tao Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critically Ill ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Protein Microarray ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Microarray Platform ◽  
Optical Scanner ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Cytokine Analysis ◽  
Real Time Operation

AbstractDespite widespread concern for cytokine storms leading to severe morbidity in COVID-19, rapid cytokine assays are not routinely available for monitoring critically ill patients. We report the clinical application of a machine learning-based digital protein microarray platform for rapid multiplex quantification of cytokines from critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at the University of Michigan Hospital. The platform comprises two low-cost modules: (i) a semi-automated fluidic dispensing/mixing module that can be operated inside a biosafety cabinet to minimize the exposure of technician to the virus infection and (ii) a 12-12-15 inch compact fluorescence optical scanner for the potential near-bedside readout. The platform enabled daily cytokine analysis in clinical practice with high sensitivity (<0.4pg/mL), inter-assay repeatability (∼10% CV), and near-real-time operation with a 10min assay incubation. A cytokine profiling test with the platform allowed us to observe clear interleukin −6 (IL-6) elevations after receiving tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor) while significant cytokine profile variability exists across all critically ill COVID-19 patients and to discover a weak correlation between IL-6 to clinical biomarkers, such as Ferritin and CRP. Our data revealed large subject-to-subject variability in a patient’s response to anti-inflammatory treatment for COVID-19, reaffirming the need for a personalized strategy guided by rapid cytokine assays.

scholarly journals Design of an Interactive Cellular System for the Remote Operation of Ocean Sensors: A Pilot Study Integrating Radioactivity Sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Stylianos Alexakis ◽  
Christos Tsabaris
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Cellular System ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Real Time Operation ◽  
In Situ Sensors ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
Warning Services

Ocean in-situ sensors are crucial for measuring oceanic parameters directly from the sea in a spatial and temporal basis. Real-time operation is used in many applications related to decision support tools and early warning services in case of accidents, incidents and/or disasters. The design of the proposed system is described as a rapid-response detection system, which aims to measure natural and artificial radioactive contaminants or other crucial ocean parameters, to replace the traditional method of sampling. The development of an interactive cellular system is undertaken using a commercial router that is programmed according to sensor specifications. A radioactivity sensor is integrated in a communication box enabling self-powered operation with a solar panel. The proposed system operates in (near) real-time mode and provides gamma-ray spectra by integrating the sensor and the appropriate electronic modules in it. Additionally, an on-site experiment was conducted to test the operability of the system in a real environment close to the sea, for monitoring fallout due to rainfall and snowfall events. The main intense radionuclides that were observed by different energy lines, were radon progenies (214Bi, 214Pb). The continuous operation of the whole system was controlled by operating the system during the winter period.

scholarly journals Intercomparison Study of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes Observed by KARITLDS and KLDN at South Korea

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 224-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bong-Jae Kuk ◽  
Hong-Il Kim ◽  
Jong-Sung Ha ◽  
Hyo-Keun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Atmospheric Electricity ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Space Launch ◽  
Range Correlation ◽  
Total Lightning

Abstract Concern regarding lightning activity as a precursor of severe weather is increasing. Atmospheric electricity, including lightning phenomena, is one of most serious threats to successful space launch operations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two different lightning detection networks using a time–range correlation method. Understanding lightning detection network performance enables the weather forecaster to support decisions made regarding space launch operations. The relative detection efficiency (ReDE), observation ratio, ellipse area for 50% probability of location, number of sensors reporting (NSR), time difference, and distance, as parameters that predict system performance, were calculated with the time-range correlation method using cloud-to-ground (CG) flash data from the Korea Aerospace Research Institute Total Lightning Detection System (KARITLDS) and from the Korean Meteorology Administration Lightning Detection Network (KLDN). In this study, 15 thunderstorms were selected from 2008–09 data. A total of 41 192 and 28 976 CG flashes were recorded by KARITLDS and KLDN, respectively. In all, 19 044 CG flashes were correlated as being the same flash. The observation ratios, ReDEKARITLDS, and ReDEKLDN were calculated as 1.42, 0.66, and 0.46, respectively. Eighty percent of CG flashes detected by the KARITLDS (KLDN) had elliptical areas less than 5 km2 (12 km2), where the elliptical areas were defined as having a 50% probability of containing the CG flash. Two regions showing a high observation ratio were due to high KARITLDS detection efficiency and to the blocking of electromagnetic wave propagation by Mount Hanla at 1950 m above sea level.

scholarly journals Exploring Lightning Jump Characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chronis ◽  
Lawrence D. Carey ◽  
Christopher J. Schultz ◽  
Elise V. Schultz ◽  
Kristin M. Calhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Autocorrelation Functions ◽  
Tracking Method ◽  
Flash Rate ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Storm Tracking ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Random Behavior ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Total Lightning

Abstract This study is concerned with the characteristics of storms exhibiting an abrupt temporal increase in the total lightning flash rate [i.e., lightning jump (LJ)]. An automated storm tracking method is used to identify storm “clusters” and total lightning activity from three different lightning detection systems over Oklahoma, northern Alabama, and Washington, D.C. On average and for different employed thresholds, the clusters that encompass at least one LJ (LJ1) last longer and relate to higher maximum expected size of hail, vertical integrated liquid, and lightning flash rates (area normalized) than do the clusters without an LJ (LJ0). The respective mean radar-derived and lightning values for LJ1 (LJ0) clusters are 80 min (35 min), 14 mm (8 mm), 25 kg m−2 (18 kg m−2), and 0.05 flash min−1 km−2 (0.01 flash min−1 km−2). Furthermore, the LJ1 clusters are also characterized by slower-decaying autocorrelation functions, a result that implies a less “random” behavior in the temporal flash rate evolution. In addition, the temporal occurrence of the last LJ provides an estimate of the time remaining to the storm’s dissipation. Depending on the LJ strength (i.e., varying thresholds), these values typically range between 20 and 60 min, with stronger jumps indicating more time until storm decay. This study’s results support the hypothesis that the LJ is a proxy for the storm’s kinematic and microphysical state rather than a coincidental value.

scholarly journals Modeling the Flash Rate of Thunderstorms. Part II: Implementation

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
pp. 3112-3124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes M. L. Dahl ◽  
Hartmut Höller ◽  
Ulrich Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Southern Germany ◽  
Flash Rate ◽  
Convective Clouds ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Scale Modeling ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Total Lightning

Abstract In Part I of this two-part paper a new method of predicting the total lightning flash rate in thunderstorms was introduced. In this paper, the implementation of this method into the convection-permitting Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO) model is presented. The new approach is based on a simple theoretical model that consists of a dipole charge structure, which is maintained by a generator current and discharged by lightning and, to a small extent, by a leakage current. This approach yields a set of four predictor variables, which are not amenable to direct observations and consequently need to be parameterized (Part I). Using an algorithm that identifies thunderstorm cells and their properties, this approach is applied to determine the flash frequency of every thunderstorm cell in the model domain. With this information, the number of flashes that are accumulated by each cell and during the interval between the activation of the lightning scheme can be calculated. These flashes are then randomly distributed in time and beneath each cell. The output contains the longitude, the latitude, and the time of occurrence of each simulated discharge. Simulations of real-world scenarios are presented, which are compared to measurements with the lightning detection network, LINET. These comparisons are done on the cloud scale as well as in a mesoscale region composing southern Germany (two cases each). The flash rates of individual cumulonimbus clouds at the extreme ends of the intensity spectrum are realistically simulated. The simulated overall lightning activity over southern Germany is dominated by spatiotemporal displacements of the modeled convective clouds, although the scheme generally reproduces realistic patterns such as coherent lightning swaths.

Development of imaging plate for a TEM and its characteristics

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
N. Mori ◽  
T. Oikawa ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Miyahara ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Imaging Plate ◽  
Phosphor Layer ◽  
Imaging Device ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
New Type ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Reading System

The Imaging Plate (IP) is a new type imaging device, which was developed for diagnostic x ray imaging. We have reported that usage of the IP for a TEM has many merits; those are high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and good linearity. However in the previous report the reading system was prototype drum-type-scanner, and IP was also experimentally made, which phosphor layer was 50μm thick with no protective layer. So special care was needed to handle them, and they were used only to make sure the basic characteristics. In this article we report the result of newly developed reading, printing system and high resolution IP for practical use. We mainly discuss the characteristics of the IP here. (Precise performance concerned with the reader and other system are reported in the other article.)Fig.1 shows the schematic cross section of the IP. The IP consists of three parts; protective layer, phosphor layer and support.

scholarly journals Exploring 3D Human Action Recognition Using STACOG on Multi-View Depth Motion Maps Sequences

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3642
Author(s):  
Mohammad Farhad Bulbul ◽  
Sadiya Tabussum ◽  
Hazrat Ali ◽  
Wenli Zheng ◽  
Mi Young Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Recognition ◽  
Depth Map ◽  
Human Action Recognition ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Collaborative Representation ◽  
Auto Correlation ◽  
Time Operation ◽  
Real Time Operation ◽  
Benchmark Datasets ◽  
Depth Motion Maps

This paper proposes an action recognition framework for depth map sequences using the 3D Space-Time Auto-Correlation of Gradients (STACOG) algorithm. First, each depth map sequence is split into two sets of sub-sequences of two different frame lengths individually. Second, a number of Depth Motion Maps (DMMs) sequences from every set are generated and are fed into STACOG to find an auto-correlation feature vector. For two distinct sets of sub-sequences, two auto-correlation feature vectors are obtained and applied gradually to L2-regularized Collaborative Representation Classifier (L2-CRC) for computing a pair of sets of residual values. Next, the Logarithmic Opinion Pool (LOGP) rule is used to combine the two different outcomes of L2-CRC and to allocate an action label of the depth map sequence. Finally, our proposed framework is evaluated on three benchmark datasets named MSR-action 3D dataset, DHA dataset, and UTD-MHAD dataset. We compare the experimental results of our proposed framework with state-of-the-art approaches to prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework. The computational efficiency of the framework is also analyzed for all the datasets to check whether it is suitable for real-time operation or not.

scholarly journals Rapid Foreign Object Detection System on Seaweed Using VNIR Hyperspectral Imaging

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5279
Author(s):  
Dong-Hoon Kwak ◽  
Guk-Jin Son ◽  
Mi-Kyung Park ◽  
Young-Duk Kim
Keyword(s):  
Object Detection ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Foreign Object ◽  
Subtraction Method ◽  
Foreign Objects ◽  
Time Operation

The consumption of seaweed is increasing year by year worldwide. Therefore, the foreign object inspection of seaweed is becoming increasingly important. Seaweed is mixed with various materials such as laver and sargassum fusiforme. So it has various colors even in the same seaweed. In addition, the surface is uneven and greasy, causing diffuse reflections frequently. For these reasons, it is difficult to detect foreign objects in seaweed, so the accuracy of conventional foreign object detectors used in real manufacturing sites is less than 80%. Supporting real-time inspection should also be considered when inspecting foreign objects. Since seaweed requires mass production, rapid inspection is essential. However, hyperspectral imaging techniques are generally not suitable for high-speed inspection. In this study, we overcome this limitation by using dimensionality reduction and using simplified operations. For accuracy improvement, the proposed algorithm is carried out in 2 stages. Firstly, the subtraction method is used to clearly distinguish seaweed and conveyor belts, and also detect some relatively easy to detect foreign objects. Secondly, a standardization inspection is performed based on the result of the subtraction method. During this process, the proposed scheme adopts simplified and burdenless calculations such as subtraction, division, and one-by-one matching, which achieves both accuracy and low latency performance. In the experiment to evaluate the performance, 60 normal seaweeds and 60 seaweeds containing foreign objects were used, and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm is 95%. Finally, by implementing the proposed algorithm as a foreign object detection platform, it was confirmed that real-time operation in rapid inspection was possible, and the possibility of deployment in real manufacturing sites was confirmed.

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