Assessment of Microbial Load of Un-pasteurized Fruit Juices and in vitro Antibacterial Potential of Honey Against Bacterial Isolates

The development of resistance in bacteria against commonly used antibiotics/drugs is of considerable medical significance. Aim of this study was to determine the microbial load of un-pasteurized packed fruit juices sold in Lahore city and to determine antibacterial activity of five different honey samples against isolated bacteria. Unpasteurized fruit juice samples (n=60) were collected from street vendors. All the samples were subjected to Total viable count (TVC), Staphylococcal count (SC) and Coliform count (CC). One hundred and ten strains of bacteria were isolated from various fruit juices and identified on the basis of cultural characters, morphology and biochemical characters. Mean TVCs, SCs and CCs of juices (6.80±1.91, 5.45±1.06 and 3.25±1.25 log10 CFU/ml respectively) were non-significant with standard permissible limits (p<0.05). Among all the fruit juices, 66.66% of samples had TVC more than 4 log10 CFU/ml, 51.66% of samples had SC more than 3 log10 CFU/ml and 46.66% of samples had CC more than 2 log10 CFU/ml. Among the bacillus isolates purified, were Bacillus alvei, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Enterobecter. All five different types of honey samples used in this study showed antibacterial activity against B. alvei, B. polymyxa, B. subtilis and S. aureus and no activity against P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, Enterobecter and E. coli. It is concluded that microbial load in unpasteurized fruit juices is significantly higher than standard permissible limits which insinuates its possible role in spoilage and food borne illnesses. Periodic monitoring of packed fruit juices should be carried out to make them safe for consumption. Honey can be used as an alternative for treatment of various infections, especially those caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria.

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Random Mutagenesis of theAspergillus oryzaeGenome Results in Fungal Antibacterial Activity

International Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2013/901697 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cory A. Leonard ◽

Stacy D. Brown ◽

J. Russell Hayman

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Random Mutagenesis ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

New Drugs ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Antibacterial Compounds ◽

Severe Infections

Multidrug-resistant bacteria cause severe infections in hospitals and communities. Development of new drugs to combat resistant microorganisms is needed. Natural products of microbial origin are the source of most currently available antibiotics. We hypothesized that random mutagenesis ofAspergillus oryzaewould result in secretion of antibacterial compounds. To address this hypothesis, we developed a screen to identify individualA. oryzaemutants that inhibit the growth of Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA)in vitro. To randomly generateA. oryzaemutant strains, spores were treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Over 3000 EMS-treatedA. oryzaecultures were tested in the screen, and one isolate, CAL220, exhibited altered morphology and antibacterial activity. Culture supernatant from this isolate showed antibacterial activity against Methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus, MRSA, andPseudomonas aeruginosa, but notKlebsiella pneumoniaorProteus vulgaris. The results of this study support our hypothesis and suggest that the screen used is sufficient and appropriate to detect secreted antibacterial fungal compounds resulting from mutagenesis ofA. oryzae. Because the genome ofA. oryzaehas been sequenced and systems are available for genetic transformation of this organism, targeted as well as random mutations may be introduced to facilitate the discovery of novel antibacterial compounds using this system.

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ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CHLOROGENIC ACID PHYTOVESICLES AGAINST RESISTANT BACTERIA: DEVELOPMENT, OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43422 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 83-92

Author(s):

HEMANGI TRIVEDI ◽

PRASHANT K. PURANIK

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Bactericidal Effect ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Log Reduction ◽

Different Strains

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of a naturally occurring polyphenol chlorogenic acid (CGA) and compares it with formulated chlorogenic acid phytovesicles against 4 different bacterial strains; two gram positive [Staphylococcous aureus and Bacillus subtilis] and two gram negative strains [Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli]. Methods: CGA phytovesicles were developed and optimized using central composite design to improvise CGA’s physicochemical properties. Bactericidal activity was evaluated using agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time kill assay. The effect of pH and temperature on the antimicrobial activity was determined. Results: The optimized CGA phytovesicles showed entrapment of 96.89% with 30 times better lipophilic solubility than the plain drug. The inhibition zone sizes for CGA phytovesicle ranged from 17-25 mm as compared to 15-20 mm of plain CGA while the MIC values ranged 200-250 µg/ml as compared to 500-550 µg/ml of plain CGA. CGA phytovesicles exhibited a strong bactericidal effect at MIC with a log reduction in the range of 0.90-2.04 in Colony forming units (CFUs) at 24h for different strains as compared to 1.38-2.17 of plain CGA. Furthermore, the antibacterial effect was found to augment with increasing temperature but decreased with alkaline pH. Conclusion: Results strongly supports the hypothesis of potential use of CGA phytovesicles as a mode of drug delivery for its antibacterial use against different resistant bacteria.

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The Multifunctional Sactipeptide Ruminococcin C1 Displays Potent Antibacterial Activity In Vivo as Well as Other Beneficial Properties for Human Health

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22063253 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 3253

Author(s):

Clarisse Roblin ◽

Steve Chiumento ◽

Cédric Jacqueline ◽

Eric Pinloche ◽

Cendrine Nicoletti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Human Health ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Modified Peptides ◽

The 1960S ◽

Conventional Antibiotics ◽

Clinical Potential

The world is on the verge of a major antibiotic crisis as the emergence of resistant bacteria is increasing, and very few novel molecules have been discovered since the 1960s. In this context, scientists have been exploring alternatives to conventional antibiotics, such as ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). Interestingly, the highly potent in vitro antibacterial activity and safety of ruminococcin C1, a recently discovered RiPP belonging to the sactipeptide subclass, has been demonstrated. The present results show that ruminococcin C1 is efficient at curing infection and at protecting challenged mice from Clostridium perfringens with a lower dose than the conventional antibiotic vancomycin. Moreover, antimicrobial peptide (AMP) is also effective against this pathogen in the complex microbial community of the gut environment, with a selective impact on a few bacterial genera, while maintaining a global homeostasis of the microbiome. In addition, ruminococcin C1 exhibits other biological activities that could be beneficial for human health, as well as other fields of applications. Overall, this study, by using an in vivo infection approach, confirms the antimicrobial clinical potential and highlights the multiple functional properties of ruminococcin C1, thus extending its therapeutic interest.

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Activity of Simulated Human Dosage Regimens of Meropenem and Vaborbactam against Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in an In Vitro Hollow-Fiber Model

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01969-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Mojgan Sabet ◽

Ziad Tarazi ◽

Debora Rubio-Aparicio ◽

Thomas G. Nolan ◽

Jonathan Parkinson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Hollow Fiber ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Phase 3 ◽

Fiber Model ◽

Content Type ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Carbapenem Resistant ◽

Dosage Regimens

ABSTRACT The objective of these studies was to evaluate the exposures of meropenem and vaborbactam that would produce antibacterial activity and prevent resistance development in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Enterobacteriaceae strains when tested at an inoculum of 108 CFU/ml. Thirteen K. pneumoniae isolates, three Enterobacter cloacae isolates, and one Escherichia coli isolate were examined in an in vitro hollow-fiber model over 32 h. Simulated dosage regimens of 1 to 2 g of meropenem with 1 to 2 g of vaborbactam, with meropenem administered every 8 h by a 3-h infusion based on phase 1 or phase 3 patient pharmacokinetic data, were studied in the model. A dosage of 2 g of meropenem in combination with 2 g of vaborbactam was bactericidal against K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, and E. coli strains, with meropenem-vaborbactam MICs of up to 8 mg/liter. When the vaborbactam exposure was adjusted to the levels observed in patients enrolled in phase 3 trials (24-h free AUC, ∼550 mg · h/liter, versus 320 mg · h/liter in the phase 1 studies), 2 g of meropenem with 2 g of vaborbactam was also bactericidal against strains with meropenem-vaborbactam MICs of 16 mg/liter. In addition, this level of vaborbactam also suppressed the development of resistance observed using phase 1 exposures. In this pharmacodynamic model, exposures similar to 2 g of meropenem in combination with 2 g of vaborbactam administered every 8 h by a 3-h infusion in phase 3 trials produced antibacterial activity and suppressed the development of resistance against carbapenem-resistant KPC-producing strains of Enterobacteriaceae.

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In vitro evaluation of the probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolated from native swine manure

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.1133-1142 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1133-1142

Author(s):

Chiraprapha Tuyarum ◽

Aporn Songsang ◽

Monthon Lertworapreecha

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Swine Manure ◽

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Pig Manure ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Probiotic Properties

Background and Aim: Using antimicrobials as a feed additive in swine production is prohibited because it is a major cause of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp. are an attractive alternative to reduce antimicrobial resistance and promote swine growth. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus isolated from indigenous swine manure. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy individual indigenous pigs were collected and isolated on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. The preliminary screen identified candidates with antibacterial activity against six pathogens and >50% survival and tolerance to acid (pH 3.0) and 1% bile salt. Isolates that passed the initial screen will be tested for other probiotic properties. Results: Of the 314 isolates from 30 pig manure samples, 17 isolates satisfied all initial conditions for probiotic properties. Each isolate has unique, distinctive properties. Isolates B4, B5, B8, B17, B87, and B144 formed thick biofilms, whereas isolates B5, B8, and 27 adhered well to the intestinal wall and exhibited strong autoaggregation properties. Isolate B4 aggregated with Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Enteropathogenic E. coli. Tests in pH-adjusted cell-free medium indicated that the antibacterial activity resulted from bacterial acidification rather than bacteriocin formation. Sequence analysis (16S rRNA) revealed 16 of the isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum, and only one isolate was Lactobacillus salivarius. Conclusion: We isolated 17 Lactobacillus from swine manure and demonstrated that their probiotic properties might be useful as a probiotic cocktail for swine feed.

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Design, synthesis and antibacterial evaluation of ocotillol derivatives with polycyclic nitrogen-containing groups

Future Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.4155/fmc-2020-0364 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yucheng Cao ◽

Kaiyi Wang ◽

Jiali Wang ◽

Haoran Cheng ◽

Mengxin Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Design Synthesis ◽

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity ◽

Strong Inhibitory Effect ◽

Hospital Acquired ◽

Derivatives Of

Aim: With the increasing abuse of antibacterial drugs, multidrug-resistant bacteria have become a burden on human health and the healthcare system. To find alternative compounds effective against hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA), novel derivatives of ocotillol were synthesized. Methods & Results: Ocotillol derivatives with polycyclic nitrogen-containing groups were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity. Compounds 36–39 exhibited potent antibacterial activity against hospital-acquired MRSA, with MIC = 8–64 μg/ml. Additionally, a combination of compound 37 and the commercially available antibiotic kanamycin showed synergistic inhibitory effects, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index of ≤0.375. Conclusion: Compound 37 has a strong inhibitory effect, and this derivative has potential for use as a pharmacological tool to explore antibacterial mechanisms.

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N-(Hydroxyalkyl) Derivatives of tris(1H-indol-3-yl)methylium Salts as Promising Antibacterial Agents: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation

Pharmaceuticals ◽

10.3390/ph13120469 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 469

Author(s):

Sergey N. Lavrenov ◽

Elena B. Isakova ◽

Alexey A. Panov ◽

Alexander Y. Simonov ◽

Viktor V. Tatarskiy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Carbon Chain ◽

Biological Evaluation ◽

Carbon Chain Length ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Moderate Activity ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Reference Drug

The wide spread of pathogens resistance requires the development of new antimicrobial agents capable of overcoming drug resistance. The main objective of the study is to elucidate the effect of substitutions in tris(1H-indol-3-yl)methylium derivatives on their antibacterial activity and toxicity to human cells. A series of new compounds were synthesized and tested. Their antibacterial activity in vitro was performed on 12 bacterial strains, including drug resistant strains, that were clinical isolates or collection strains. The cytotoxic effect of the compounds was determined using an test with HPF-hTERT (human postnatal fibroblasts, immortalized with hTERT) cells. The activity of the obtained compounds depended on the carbon chain length. Derivatives with C5–C6 chains were more active. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the most active compound on Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA, was 0.5 μg/mL. Compounds with C5–C6 chains also revealed high activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (1.0 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively) and moderate activity against Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (8 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumonia (2 and 8 μg/mL, respectively). However, they have no activity against Salmonella cholerasuis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The most active compounds revealed higher antibacterial activity on MRSA than the reference drug levofloxacin, and their ratio between antibacterial and cytotoxic activity exceeded 10 times. The data obtained provide a basis for further study of this promising group of substances.

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Antibacterial and Toxicity Evaluation of Eastern Medicine Formulation Eczegone for the Management of Eczema

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820956798 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 155932582095679

Author(s):

Muhammad Amjad Chishti ◽

Ejaz Mohi-Ud-Din ◽

Shahbaz Ahmad Zakki ◽

Muhammad Rahil Aslam ◽

Sheraz Siddiqui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

In Vitro Toxicity ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Lawsonia Inermis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Skin Keratinocytes

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity, in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity, cell viability and safety of Eastern Medicine coded medicinal formulation Eczegone comprising extracts of Azadirachta indica (Azin) , Fumaria indica (Fuin) , Sphaeranthus indicus (Spin) and Lawsonia inermis (Lain). This work also evaluated antibacterial activity of Eczegone formulation having above mentioned plants ethanolic extracts against different bacteria’s by disk diffusion method. In vitro toxicity of Eczegone formulation was investigated by using human skin keratinocytes HaCaT cell line, crystal violet stained cells, and methyl tetrazolium cytotoxicity (MTT) assay. In vivo acute oral and dermal cytotoxicity was determined by using Swiss albino mice and albino rabbits, respectively. The Eczegone formulation showed antibacterial activity against 3 gram negative bacteria including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and a gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. We didn’t observe any toxic effect of Eczegone formulation on the skin keratinocytes. Furthermore, the Ezcegone formulation was non-irritant according to draize score (OECD TG404, 2002). After rigorous safety evaluation by in vitro and in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicity analysis, we concluded that Eczegone formualtion possessses antibacterial effects and is safe, non-toxic, non-irritant, and the drug would be subjected for further biochemical and clinical studies.

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Ketone- and Cyano-Selenoesters to Overcome Efflux Pump, Quorum-Sensing, and Biofilm-Mediated Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9120896 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 896

Author(s):

Nikoletta Szemerédi ◽

Annamária Kincses ◽

Katerina Rehorova ◽

Lan Hoang ◽

Noemi Salardón-Jiménez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Quorum Sensing ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Experimental Systems ◽

Efflux Pump Inhibition ◽

Target Molecules ◽

Vibrio Campbellii

The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens leads to a gradual decline in the efficacy of many antibacterial agents, which poses a serious problem for proper therapy. Multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms allow resistant bacteria to have limited uptake of drugs, modification of their target molecules, drug inactivation, or release of the drug into the extracellular space by efflux pumps (EPs). In previous studies, selenoesters have proved to be promising derivatives with a noteworthy antimicrobial activity. On the basis of these results, two series of novel selenoesters were synthesized to achieve more potent antibacterial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fifteen selenoesters (eight ketone-selenoesters and seven cyano-selenoesters) were investigated with regards to their efflux pump-inhibiting, anti-quorum-sensing (QS), and anti-biofilm effects in vitro. According to the results of the antibacterial activity, the ketone-selenoesters proved to be more potent antibacterial compounds than the cyano-selenoesters. With regard to efflux pump inhibition, one cyano-selenoester on methicillin-resistant S. aureus and one ketone-selenoester on Salmonella Typhimurium were potent inhibitors. The biofilm inhibitory capacity and the ability of the derivatives to disrupt mature biofilms were noteworthy in all the experimental systems applied. Regarding QS inhibition, four ketone-selenoesters and three cyano-selenoesters exerted a noteworthy effect on Vibrio campbellii strains.

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In Vitro and In Vivo Efficacy of Catheters Impregnated With Antiseptics or Antibiotics: Evaluation of the Risk of Bacterial Resistance to the Antimicrobials in the Catheters

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1086/501836 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 640-646 ◽

Cited By ~ 92

Author(s):

Lester A. Sampath ◽

Suhas M. Tambe ◽

Shanta M. Modak

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Test Organism ◽

Similar Efficacy ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

In Vivo Efficacy ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

AbstractObjective:To compare the efficacy of a new antiseptic catheter containing silver sulfadiazine and chlorhexidine on the external surface and chlorhexidine in the lumens to an antibiotic catheter impregnated with minocycline and rifampin on its external and luminal surfaces.Design:Experimental trial.Methods:Antimicrobial spectrum of catheters was determined by zones of inhibition. Resistance to luminal colonization was tested in vitro by locking catheter lumens withStaphylococcus epidermidisorStaphylococcus aureusculture after 7 days of perfusion. In vitro development of resistance to the antiseptic or antibiotic combination used in catheters was investigated. In vivo efficacy was tested (rat subcutaneous model) by challenge with sensitive or antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Results:Antiseptic and antibiotic catheters exhibited broad-spectrum action. However, antibiotic catheters were not effective againstCandidaspecies andPseudomonas aeruginosa.Both catheters prevented luminal colonization. Compared to controls, both test catheters resisted colonization when challenged withS aureus7 and 14 days' postimplant (P<.05).Repeated in vitro exposure ofS epidermidisculture to the antibiotic and antiseptic combinations led to small increases in the minimum inhibitory concentration (15 times and 2 times, respectively). Unlike the antibiotic catheter, the in vitro and in vivo activity of the antiseptic catheter was unaffected by the resistance profile of the test organism. Antiseptic catheters were more effective than antibiotic catheters in preventing colonization by rifampin-resistantS epidermidisin vivo (P<.05).Conclusions:Antiseptic and antibiotic catheters exhibit similar efficacy; however, when challenged with a rifampin-resistant strain, the antibiotic catheter appeared to be more susceptible to colonization than the antiseptic device.

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