scholarly journals Status of 'akad nikah' ownership of jointly acquired property between married couples according to Shariah perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 2219-2231
Author(s):  
Akli Ahmad ◽  
Wan Nazjmi Mohamed Fisol
Keyword(s):  
Married Couples ◽  
Maintenance Rate ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Individual

'Akad nikah' is a 'syar'ie contract' which binds married relationships as a bond that stipulates some of the rights that their spouses must fulfill either physical and inner maintenance (nafkah) of a wife. The ruling of this maintenance is obligatory to be adorned according to the rates and conditions set by syara'. However, the maintenance rate varies between an individual and another. It is based on the individual capabilities of the giver and the individual position of the recipient. Some maintenance rates are referring to the 'urf of a place. The obligatory nafkah given to the spouse is the absolute possession of the recipient without being withdrawn by the giver. While every gift other than mandatory maintenance is included in the category (tabarru') or a donation that is permissible or required. This type of grant will specify the occurrence of transfer if the recipient has already received it in cash (qabadh). While the jointly acquired property is essentially any property that is jointly owned by two or more parties, by sharing the capital for its ownership.

Status 'Akad Nikah Terhadap Sumbangan Pemilikan Harta Sepencarian Antara Pasangan Suami Isteri menurut Perspektif Syariah

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-155
Author(s):  
Akli Ahmad ◽  
Rohani Desa
Keyword(s):  
Joint Venture ◽  
Married Couple ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Maintenance Rate ◽  
Civil Court ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Work At Home ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
At Home

'Akad nikah' is a 'syar'ie contract' which binds married relationships as a bond that stipulates some of the rights that their spouses must fulfill either physical and inner maintenance (nafkah) of wife. The ruling of this maintenance is obligatory to be adorned according to the rates and conditions set by syara'. However, the maintenance rate varies between an individual and another. It is based on the individual capabilities of the giver and the individual position of the recipient. Some maintenance rates are referring to the 'urf of a place. The obligatory nafkah given to the spouse is the absolute possession of the recipient without being withdrawn by the giver. While every gift other than a mandatory maintenance is included in the category (tabarru') or a donation that is permissible or required. This type of grant will specify the occurrence of transfer if the recipient has already received it in cash (qabadh). While jointly acquired property is essentially any property that is jointly owned by two or more parties, by sharing the capital for its ownership. If referred to a jointly acquired property issue that becomes an international polemic either in a civil court or a sharia court, it is again associated with the context of a married relationship that has been legally charged. Does a valid marriage academy become one from the reason of ownership or vice versa? Does the wife's work at home be calculated as the company's capital against the husband's work? Therefore, this paper will answer the question from the point of view whether the property exists typically, simply because of a valid marriage academy, or it must only be through the partnership of a spouse on a joint venture property. However, in some cases, there are also claims made by couples even on property that do not share together with equal capital or energy, only on the grounds as a married couple, or with arguments of helping spouses from a homework standpoint etc. It is hoped that this paper can resolve problems relating to cases of spousal rights claims for jointly acquired assets legally and in line with shariah. This study with a strong objective is to be given the right to the right and not to take non-rights. It is a predetermined justice of syara' which overcomes the customary rulings that are thought to be fairer. But the truth is that the rule of syara' overcomes all other stipulations. Asbtrak ‘Akad nikah’ adalah ‘kontrak syar’ie’ yang mengikat hubungan suami isteri sebagai ikatan yang melazimkan beberapa hak yang mesti ditunaikan oleh pasangan masing-masing sama ada nafkah fizikal dan batin. Hukum nafkah ini adalah wajib dilunaskan mengikut kadar dan syarat yang telah ditetapkan oleh syara’. Namun kadar nafkah adalah berbeza antara seseorang individu dengan yang individu lain. Ia adalah berdasarkan kemampuan individu pemberi dan kedudukan individu penerima. Sesetengah kadar nafkah adalah merujuk kepada ‘urf sesuatu tempat. Nafkah yang wajib diberikan kepada pasangan adalah menjadi milik mutlak penerimanya tanpa boleh ditarik balik oleh pemberi. Manakala setiap pemberian selain daripada nafkah yang wajib adalah termasuk dalam kategori (tabarru’) atau sumbangan yang diharus atau disunnatkan. Pemberian jenis ini akan melazimkan berlakunya pindah milik jika penerima sudah menerimanya secara serah tunai (qabadh). Manakala harta sepencarian pada dasarnya ialah mana-mana harta yang dimiliki secara bersama oleh dua pihak atau lebih, dengan berkongsi modal untuk pemilikannya. Jika dirujuk kepada isu harta sepencarian yang menjadi polemik antarabangsa sama ada di mahkamah sivil atau mahkamah syariah, ia sekali lagi dikaitkan dengan konteks hubungan suami isteri yang telah diakadnikah secara sah. Adakah akad nikah yang sah menjadi satu dari sebab pemilikan atau sebaliknya? Adakah kerja isteri di rumah boleh dikira sebagai modal syarikat terhadap kerja suami? Justeru, kertas ini akan menjawab persoalan dari sudut adakah harta sepencarian itu wujud secara lazim, semata-mata kerana akad nikah yang sah, atau ia mestilah hanya melalui perkongsian suami isteri pada sesuatu harta secara usaha bersama. Namun bagi sesetengah kes tuntutan harta sepencarian di mahkamah, ada juga tuntutan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan walau pada harta yang tidak berkongsi secara bersama sama modal atau tenaga, hanya atas alasan sebagai pasangan suami isteri, atau dengan hujah membantu pasangan dari sudut kerja-kerja rumah dan sebagainya. Diharapkan kertas ini dapat menyelesaikan masalah yang berkaitan kes tuntutan hak pasangan bagi harta sepencarian secara undang-undang dan syariah. Kajian ini dengan objektif kukuh iaitu supaya diberi hak kepada yang berhak dan tidak mengambil hak yang bukan hak. Ia adalah suatu keadilan yang telah ditetapkan syara’ yang mengatasi hukum adat yang disangkakan lebih adil. Namun hakikatnya ketetapan undang syara’ itu mengatasi segala ketetapan selainnya.

scholarly journals Failure to collectively assess security surveillance technologies will inevitably lead to an absolute surveillance society.

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Mitchener-Nissen
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Security Technology ◽  
Security Technologies ◽  
Small Rise ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
Surveillance Society ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Security Surveillance ◽  
The Impact

When assessing any security technology which impacts upon privacy, whether this constitutes a new technology or the novel application of existing technologies, we should do so by examining the combined effect of all security interventions currently employed within a society. This contrasts with the prevailing system whereby the impact of a new security technology is predominantly assessed on an individual basis by a subjective balancing of the security benefits of that technology against any reductions in concomitant rights, such as privacy and liberty. I contend that by continuing to focus on the individual effect, as opposed to the combined effects, of security technologies within a society the likelihood of sleep-walking into (or indeed waking-up in) an absolute surveillance society moves from a possible future to the logically inevitable future. This conclusion is based on two underlying assertions. Firstly that assessing a technology often entails a judgement of whether any loss in privacy is legitimised by a justifiable increase in security; however one fundamental difference between these two rights is that privacy is a finite resource with identifiable end-states (i.e. absolute privacy through to the absolute absence of privacy) whereas security does not have two finite end-states (while there exists the absolute absence of security, absolute security is an unobtainable yet desired goal). The second assertion, which relies upon the validity of the first, holds that one consequence of absolute security being unobtainable yet desirable is that new security interventions will continuously be developed, each potentially trading a small measure of privacy for a small rise in security. Examined individually each intervention may constitute a justifiable trade-off. However this approach of combining interventions in the search for ever greater security will ultimately reduce privacy to zero.

scholarly journals Hegelian Phenomenology of Spirit and Boxing Fight

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
Jerzy Kosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Phenomenology Of Spirit ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Absolute Synthesis

Abstract In the presented text the author points out to anthropological as well as axiological foundations of the boxing fight from the viewpoint of Hegel’s philosophy. In the genial idealist’s views it is possible to perceive the appreciation of the body, which constitutes a necessary basis for the man’s physical activity, for his work oriented towards the self-transformation and the transformation of the external world, as well as for rivalry and the hand-to-hand fight. While focusing our attention on the issue of rivalry and on the situation of the fight - and regarding it from the viewpoint of the master - slave theory (included in the phenomenology of spirit), it is possible to proclaim that even a conventionalised boxing fight - that is, restricted by cultural and sports rules of the game - has features of the fight to the death between two Hegelian forms of selfknowledge striving for self-affirmation and self-realisation. In the boxing fight, similarly as in the above mentioned Hegelian theory, a problem of work and of the development of the human individual (that is, of the subject, self-knowledge, the participant of the fight) appears. There appears also a prospect of death as a possible end of merciless rivalry. The fight revalues the human way in an important way, whereas the prospect for death, the awareness of its proximity, the feeling that its close and possible, saturates the life with additional values. It places the boxer, just like every subject fighting in a similar or a different way, on the path towards absolute abstraction - that is, it brings him closer to his self-fulfilment in the Absolute, to the absolute synthesis. The Hegelian viewpoint enables also to appreciate the boxing fight as a manifestation of low culture (being in contrast with high culture), to turn attention to the relations which - according to Hegel - take place between the Absolute and the man, as well as to show which place is occupied by the subject both in the process of the Absolute’s self-realisation and in the German thinker’s philosophical system. Independently of the dialectical, simultaneously pessimistic and optimistic overtone of considerations connected with the very boxing fight (regarding destruction and spiritualisation on a higher level), it is possible to perceive farreaching appreciation of the human individual in Hegel’s philosophy since the Absolute cannot make its own self-affirmation without the individual, without the human body, without the fight aimed at the destruction of the enemy and without the subjective consciousness and the collective consciousness which appear thanks to this fight. Thus, it is justified to suppose that the foundation of the whole Hegel’s philosophy is constituted by anthropology and that in the framework of this anthropology a special role is played by the fight and by work, which changes the subject and his(her) environment. Admittedly Hegel does not emphasise it explicitly, nevertheless his views (with their centre, which, according to Hegel himself and his interpreters, is constituted by the Absolute) have, as a matter of fact, an anthropocentric character and the main source of the subject’s development is the struggle which, irrespectively of its result, always primarily leads to the destruction or even to the death of one of the sides, just like in the boxing fight. However, it is also a germ of the positive re-orientation of the subject, the beginning and a continuation of that what the phenomenology of the spirit describes as a movement towards absolute abstraction.

scholarly journals Specificity of psychon structure forming the personality of transgressive and protective spouses

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-542
Author(s):  
Andrzej Dakowicz
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Marital Relationship ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Personal Beliefs ◽  
Potential Strength ◽  
Personal Needs ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Research Tools

AbstractIn terms of psychotransgressionism, personality is a network of five equipollent psychons, the content of which determines the personality’s functioning. The strength and power of the individual psychons underlies the tendency to undertake transgressive actions. In this study, we hypothesized that transgressive spouses are characterized by greater potential strength, greater power of cognitive, instrumental, motivational, emotional, and personal psychons than protective spouses. We operationalized all psychons, created the appropriate research tools, and then studied married couples. Using the Transgression Scale developed by Studenski, we found a group of spouses with higher levels of transgression (transgressive), and a group of spouses with lower levels of transgression (protective). Transgressive wives are characterized by better knowledge about their husbands’ operational sphere, and are more aware of personal beliefs than protective wives. Similarly, transgressive husbands have greater knowledge of their wives’ operational sphere, stronger cognitive needs, and weaker personal needs than protective husbands. Transgressive husbands are characterized by a positive affective shift and have a greater awareness of personal beliefs than protective husbands. The potential brought into interpersonal relationships by transgressive spouses may create a climate conducive to building a satisfying marital relationship.

scholarly journals Analysis of the FK5 System in the Equatorial Zone

1995 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
pp. 382-382
Author(s):  
Yu.B. Kolesnik
Keyword(s):  
Equatorial Zone ◽  
Motion System ◽  
Area Distribution ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Hipparcos Catalogue ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Right Ascension ◽  
Selection Of

15 catalogues produced in the eighties and 12 catalogues of the sixties-seventies have been used to assess the consistency of the FK5 system with observations in the declination zone from −30° to 30°. Positions of the FK4-based catalogues have been transformed at the equinox and equator J2000.0. Classical δ-dependent and α-dependent systematic differences (Cat-FK5) have been formed for individual instrumental systems of the catalogues by a method close to the classical Numerical Method. The weighted mean instrumental systems for the two subsets of catalogues centered at the epochs 1970 (MIS 60–70) and 1987 (MIS 80) and for all types of systematic differences have been constructed. The mean errors of the total systematic differences in α and δ have been estimated as 14 mas and 21 mas, respectively, for the catalogues of the 60-70ies, and 10 mas in both α and δ for the catalogues of the 80ies.It has been found that the mutual consistency of individual instrumental systems of catalogues of the 80ies with respect to δ-dependent systematic differences is superior by the factor 1.5 comparing with the catalogues of 60-70ies, while the consistency of both catalogue selections with respect to α-dependent systematic differences is comparable. Random accuracy of the FK5 positions and proper motions at the epochs under analysis has been assessed as close to expected from the formal considerations. Actual systematic discrepancies of the FK5 with observations at the respective epochs have been detected. For systematic differences δαδ cosδ and δδδ, the absolute deviations of the MIS 80 are, in general, within 40 mas, those of the MIS 60-70 are within 30 mas. For systematic differences δαα cosδ and δδα, the absolute deviations reach 30-40 mas for both MIS. For total systematic differences, local deformations of the FK5 system in the equatorial zone in both right ascension and declination has been found exceeding expected ones from the formal errors of the FK5 system by a factor about 1.5 for the MIS 60-70, and by a factor about 2 for the MIS 80. Consistency in area distribution between both MIS for the total systematic differences δαcosδ has been detected. Quick degradation of the FK5 system with time due to optimistic estimation of the errors of its proper motion system is supposed to be one of the main causes of its discrepancies with observations. The results in declination are recognized to be less reliable due to larger inconsistency of the individual instrumental systems.Before the next space astrometric mission will be realized, ground-based observations will continue to be the only available check of an external systematic accuracy of the HIPPARCOS catalogue. Evidently, random and, possibly, systematic accuracy of each individual catalogue observed from the Earth surface would be inferior to that of the HIPPARCOS catalogue. Taken as an ensemble, however, a certain selection of catalogues might give a rather definite idea about the actual distortions of the HIPPARCOS system. This study shows to which level of accuracy such ensembles of different selections of catalogues might check the HIPPARCOS system in the equatorial zone. The analysis of the FK5 gives also an idea about levels of random and systematic discrepancies which may be expected in the equatorial zone when the HIPPARCOS catalogue will be compared with the FK5 at different epochs.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ENZYME ACTION

1926 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Helen Miller Noyes ◽  
I. Lorberblatt ◽  
K. George Falk
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Action ◽  
Complete Experiment ◽  
Active Portion ◽  
Individual Actions ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Individual

The hydrolyzing actions of various preparations of the adult eel were studied on ten esters in the usual way. The results are presented in the form of curves for the relative actions and in a table for the absolute actions obtained in one complete experiment. The separation of the enzyme material in some cases into an active portion and a co-enzyme, the mixture showing greater actions on some esters than the sums of the individual actions, is described and discussed.

De l’image-modèle à l’image de Dieu. Le dépassement de l’individu dans la doctrine éthique de Fichte, 1798–1812

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 171-184
Author(s):  
Luc Vincenti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Image Of God ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Individual Form ◽  
Ethical Action ◽  
Ideal World ◽  
Model Image ◽  
Rational Individual ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Individual

Fichte’s ethics changed in many ways between 1794 and 1812: in the first place spiritual life replaced the transformation of nature; individual supersession was radicalized; and ethics was linked with first philosophy. In 1812 it was no longer a matter of inflecting natural necessity by means of the model image of an ideal world (Vorbild). The theme of image reappears as an externalizing of absolute life. Ethical action becomes a moment of this manifestation: a return to unity, following the process of fragmentation of the originary phenomenon (the I or the I-one), into an infinity of individual I’s. This fragmentation is fondamental: life is self-consciousness only in this individual form. The ethical act manifests the concept or image of God with the self-annihilation of individuality. Fichte had already written, in part XI of the Second Introduction, that the I, “only reasonnable”, “is no longer an individual”, and in the first Sittenlehre, § 18 : “We are all supposed to act identically”. Fichte’s final Ethics thus does not radicalize the supersession of the individual. It defines the rational individual by this supersession of himself [or herself], making ethics into a moment [stage] of the absolute life. The matter is not to merge the individual into the whole, but to partake in a living order, in the activity of the whole, which reaches out to each of its members, only to return to the first unity, by forming the whole as such.De 1794 à 1812, l’éthique de Fichte connaît plusieurs évolutions : abandon de la transformation de la nature au profit de la vie spirituelle, radicalisation du dépassement de l’individu, et rapprochement entre éthique et philosophie première. En 1812 il n’est plus question d’infléchir la nécessité naturelle par l’image modeèe (Vorbild) d’un monde idéal. La thématique de l’image apparaît comme extériorisation de la vie absolue. L’action éthique devient un moment de cette manifestation : le retour vers l’un, au terme d’un morcellement du phénomène originaire (le »Moi« ou »Moi un«) en une infinité de Moi(s) individuels. Cette diffraction est essentielle : la vie ne peut être consciente d’elle-même que dans cette forme individuelle. L’agir éthique manifeste le concept ou l’image de Dieu en anéantissant l’individualité. Mais la XIe section de la Seconde Introduction précisait déjà, que dans le monde moral, le Moi »uniquement raisonnable«, »a cessé d’être un individu« et dans la première Sittenlehre, § 18, Fichte écrivait : »Nous devons tous agir de la même manière«. L’éthique tardive ne radicalise donc pas le dépassement de l’individu. Elle définit l’individu rationnel par le dépassement de soi, en faisant de l’éthique un moment de la vie absolue. La question est donc moins de fondre l’individu dans un tout que de participer à un ordre vivant, à l’activité du tout qui va jusqu’à chacun des membres pour revenir vers l’unité première en constituant la totalité comme telle.

Efficient Large Deformation Simulations of Multi-Flexible-Body Systems Using Absolute Nodal Coordinate Beam and Plate Elements

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imad M. Khan ◽  
Kurt S. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Flexible Body ◽  
Elastic Deformations ◽  
Absolute Nodal Coordinate ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Divide And Conquer Algorithm ◽  
Plate Elements ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Individual

In this paper, we investigate the absolute nodal coordinate finite element (FE) formulations for modeling multi-flexible-body systems in a divide-and-conquer framework. Large elastic deformations in the individual components (beams and plates) are modeled using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). The divide-and-conquer algorithm (DCA) is utilized to model the constraints arising due to kinematic joints between the flexible components. We develop necessary equations of the new algorithm and present numerical examples to test and validate the method.

Working with Radiocarbon Dates

1971 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Waterbolk
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Error ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Graphic Presentation ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Age ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cultural Movement

C-14 datings can not only provide us with estimates of the absolute age of objects or occupation layers, but also, when available in sufficient numbers, with initial and terminal datings for cultural phases, thus defining their duration. The value of this is obvious: differential duration in different areas can at last provide definitive answers to long-disputed questions concerning the direction of cultural movement.Working with large numbers of C-14 dates is, however, not entirely free of problems. We are, for example, regularly confronted with larger differences between datings expected to be of similar age than can be accounted for by mere statistical error (Vogel, 1969a) or which can be explained by contamination or other simple causes. One can stop at this point and accept a limited testimonial value for C-14 dates (e.g. Steuer and Tempel, 1968), or one can try to go further by calculating average dates, assuming (for the most part incorrectly) that the chance of a date being too young is equal to its chance of being too old (Neustupný, 1968). The danger in this procedure is that one loses sight of the individual character of each determination: in fact one sample is much more securely associated and more closely contemporary with finds of a particular cultural phase than another, and the chance of contamination or admixture is different for each sample.Another problem is that the number of C-14 dates that one must take into consideration is often so large that they cannot be digested without some form of graphic presentation, and for this there is as yet no uniformity of practice.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document