scholarly journals Harmful Effects of Parthenium hysterophorus and Management Through Different Approaches”- A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (05) ◽  
pp. 1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh B.N. ◽  
Sunil Kumar R. ◽  
Pramod R. ◽  
Jayaramiah R.
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Zygogramma Bicolorata ◽  
Roadside Vegetation ◽  
Fusarium Pallidoroseum ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Almost All

Parthenium hysterophorus is commonly known as congress grass or carrot weed in India. It belongs to Asteraceae family and native to subtropics of North and South America. It is an invasive plant species that disturbs cultivated areas, roadside vegetation, gardens etc. P. hysterophorus is considered as one of the worst weeds responsible for causing health problems in animals and humans viz., dermatitis, asthma and bronchitis besides loss to agriculture and ecosystem. Nowadays, it has become one of the major weeds in almost all types of agricultural lands and other areas. Many control methods ranging from preventive, physical methods by manual uprooting, burning and allelopathic management through competitive plants like Cassia tora, Cassia uniflora Cassia sericea, have been recommended for management of P. hysterophorus. Likewise, insect Zygogramma bicolorata has proven successful in managing  P. hysterophorus. Further, microorganisms like Alternaria alternata, Scerotiia sclerotiorum, Fusarium Pallidoroseum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomanas campestris are reported to infest P. hysterophorus. Use of chemical herbicides mainly glyphosate @ 2.5 kg a.i.ha-1,atrazine @ 2.6 kg a.i.ha-1,2,4-D amine @ 3 l/ ha-1, Paraquat 0.5 l/ ha-1 were proved effective in managing P. hysterophorus. No single option is suitable to control this invasive weed. Successful control of this weed can only be achieved by an integrated weed management approaches.

scholarly journals Parthenium hysterophorus L., a noxious invasive weed

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Ranjan Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Roadside Vegetation ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
North And South America ◽  
First Time

Parthenium hysterophorus L., a member of the family Asteraceae and native to subtropics of North and South America, is an invasive plant species that colonizes disturbed areas, cultivated lands, roadside vegetation, and human settlement areas. The weed has prolific seed producing ability and fast spreading in nature. The plant is rapidly infesting into tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Its occurrence in Kathmandu valley was reported first time in 1986. The seeds are highly viable and adaptive and can travel long distance with the help of its wing like structures at the base. They can anchor on rough surfaces with the help of feathered claws like structures. The weed is being very problematic because of its aggressiveness, allelopathic impacts, and health hazard risks for human and livestock. The weed posses different allelochemicals, specially sesquiterpenes and phenolics, parthenin being the chief one. The weed adversely affects crop plants and sensitive grass species. Besides it causes hay fever, dermatitis, skin infections, bronchitis and several other health impacts. The control of the weed is a challenging task; however, different herbicides and some biological agents have been reported for its management. Key words: allelochemicals; allelopathy; health hazard; Nepal; parthenin; sesquiterpene.DOI: 10.3126/botor.v6i0.2915 Botanica Orientalis - Journal of Plant Science (2009) 6: 85-92

Experiences with invasive plant management and ecology in Alberta

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Cole ◽  
J. R. King ◽  
D. A. Oyarzun ◽  
T. H. Dietzler ◽  
A. S. McClay
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Invasive Plant Species ◽  
Invasive Plant Management ◽  
Ecological Principles ◽  
Silene Pratensis

A number of invasive plant management strategies, including competition, fertilizer, herbicide, combination of fertilizer and herbicide, biological control, mowing, grazing management, prevention, eradication and education have been investigated and employed in Alberta. The integrated weed management (IWM) strategies are overlapping, interconnected and based on ecological principles. Research on several invasive plant species, including ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.), scentless chamomile [Tripleurospermum perforatum (Mérat) Laínz] and white cockle [Silene pratensis (Raf.) Godr. & Gren.] has provided ecological information showing the importance of maintaining healthy, competitive plant communities. Key words: Invasive plants, management, ox-eye daisy, competition, Alberta

scholarly journals Parthenium hysterophorus: Weed of Pharmacological Importance

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
F.Johnsy Mary ◽  
◽  
Dr.M.Senthil Kumar ◽  
E. Vijaykumar ◽  
G. Yadeshwaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
World Health ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
Health Organization

Parthenium hysterophorus, often known as congers grass, is a noxious weed that is a member of the Asteraceae family of plants. Its natural habitats include the areas surrounding the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, Southern North America, the West Indies, and Central South America, among other places. Congress grass has risen to become one of the world’s seven most destructive and deadly weeds, according to the World Health Organization. This invasive plant is also a significant concern in India. It is responsible for a variety of illnesses and allergies in both people and animals. Aside from that, there is some potential for this plant to be used as an insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, wood preservative, anti-amoebic, and even for medicinal purposes. If any species, particularly an invasive weed, is to be evaluated for its ability to benefit living organisms, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of both its positive and negative impacts. As a result, this review paper is an attempt to describe the present state of knowledge regarding the hazardous and helpful effects of Parthenium hysterophorus on people and animals.

Assessment of allelopathic compounds to develop new natural herbicides : A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-40
Author(s):  
Mst. Motmainna ◽  
Abdul Shukor B ◽  
Juraimi Md. Kamal Uddin ◽  
Norhayu Binti Asib ◽  
AKM Mominul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Programme ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Natural Herbicides ◽  
Germination And Growth ◽  
Weed Resistance ◽  
Allelopathic Compounds

Herbicides are a crucial tool for weed control in crops. However, their continuous and indiscriminate uses have caused environmental pollution and development of weed resistance. Hence, there is an urgent need to minimise the dependence on synthetic herbicides. Allelopathy may be used to develop new bioherbicides to inhibit germination and growth of weeds. There is a great potential to develop eco-friendly herbicides from plants, but little research has been done so far in this context. Identification and quantification of natural weed control compounds (allelochemicals) of plants may help to develop natural herbicides (based on indigenous/invasive weed species), to reduce the dependence on synthetic herbicides and improve the integrated weed management programme in crops. This review describes thepotential allelochemicals present in plants, which may be used as a tool to develop new natural herbicides.

Challenges for weed management in African rice systems in a changing climate

2011 ◽  
Vol 149 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. RODENBURG ◽  
H. MEINKE ◽  
D. E. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Mechanical Control ◽  
Parasitic Weeds ◽  
Management Approaches

SUMMARYGlobal changes including increases in temperature, atmospheric greenhouse gases, soil degradation and competition for land and water resources, will have multiple impacts on rice production systems in Africa. These changes will affect weed communities, and management approaches must be adapted to take this into account. Higher temperatures and limited water availability will generally advantage C4over C3plants (e.g. rice). Conversely, elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels will improve the competitiveness of rice relative to C4weeds, which comprise many of the problem weeds of rice. Increased atmospheric CO2levels may also improve tolerance of rice against parasitic weeds, while prevalence of parasitic species may be amplified by soil degradation and more frequent droughts or floods. Elevated CO2levels tend to promote growth below-ground relative to above-ground, particularly in perennial (C3) species. This may render mechanical control of weeds within a cropping season less effective or even counterproductive. Increased CO2levels, rainfall and temperature may also reduce the effectiveness of chemical control, while the implementation of adaptation technologies, such as water-saving irrigation regimes, will have negative consequences for rice–weed competition. Rain-fed production systems are prevalent throughout Africa and these are likely to be most vulnerable to direct effects of climate change (e.g. higher temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns). Effective weed management strategies in these environments could encompass off-season tillage, the use of well-adapted cultivars (i.e. those with drought and heat tolerance, high weed competitiveness and parasitic weed resistance or tolerance) and rotations, intercropping or short, off-season fallows with weed-suppressive legumes including those that suppress parasitic weeds. In irrigated, non-flooded rice systems, weeds are expected to become more serious. Specifically, perennial rhizomatous C3weeds and species adapted to hydromorphic conditions are expected to increase in prevalence. By implementing an integrated weed management strategy primarily targeted at weed prevention, dependency on flood water, herbicides and mechanical control can be lessened. Off-season deep tillage, stale seed bed techniques, use of clean seeds and irrigation water, competitive cultivars, timely transplanting at optimum spacing and judicious fertilizer timings are suitable candidate components for such a strategy. Integrated, novel approaches must be developed to assist farmers in coping with the challenges of weed control in the future.

scholarly journals Biology of Zygogramma Bicolorata Pallister on Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. under Laboratory Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ajaya Shree Ratna Bajracharya ◽  
Resham Bahadur Thapa ◽  
Gopal Bahadur K.C ◽  
Shree Baba Pradhan ◽  
Jagat Devi Ranjit
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Mass Rearing ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Zygogramma Bicolorata ◽  
Egg Hatchability ◽  
Augmentative Release ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Parthenium Weed

Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. is one of the most aggressive, invasive weeds threatening natural and agricultural ecosystems in the world including Nepal. Augmentative release of host-specific, leaf feeding beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is one of the sustainable management approaches of parthenium weed. Successful mass rearing program requires knowledge on biology of Z. bicolorata for augmentative release. Thus, life cycle and biology of Z. bicolorata were studied in lab at 26±2 °C temperature and 70±10% relative humidity at NARC, Lalitpur, Nepal during March to September, 2016. The average incubation, larval and pupal periods of the insect were 4.33, 12.20, and 11.00 days, respectively. A single female could lay 1,837 eggs in 58.80 days oviposition period with 73.01% egg hatchability. The insect completed its life cycle in 108.40 and 105.50 days with adult longevity of 91.90 and 75.00 days for females and males, respectively. The average length of egg, pupa, adult female and male was 1.19 mm, 5.90 mm, 6.58 mm and 5.32 mm and breadth 0.51 mm, 3.74 mm, 3.94 mm and 3.20 mm, respectively. The average lengths of the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae were found 1.30 mm, 3.02 mm, 4.96 mm and 8.08 mm and breadth of 0.44 mm, 1.13 mm, 2.02 mm and 3.16 mm, respectively. These findings will help in mass multiplication of Z. bicolorata for biological control of parthenium weed.

A Reinventory of Invasive Weed Species in Dinosaur National Monument to Determine Management Effectiveness

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey V. Ransom ◽  
Stephanie D. Christensen ◽  
Kimberly A. Edvarchuk ◽  
Tamara Naumann
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
National Monument ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Russian Knapweed ◽  
Dinosaur National Monument

AbstractInvasive weed management in wildland areas is often challenging due to the need to protect and preserve the integrity of natural ecosystems. Russian knapweed is an aggressive, deep-rooted, creeping perennial forb that was first identified as a problematic species in Dinosaur National Monument in 1977. From 2002 to 2005, extensive nonnative plant inventories were conducted in portions of the monument. Results were used to develop and implement an aggressive weed management program beginning in 2005. Emphasis was placed on reducing Russian knapweed infestations around Josie's Ranch in the Cub Creek Watershed. Several other species were targeted as well. In 2010, a reinventory was conducted in selected areas to evaluate how implemented management strategies affected the overall distribution and abundance of targeted species on the landscape. Comparisons between inventories indicate that management strategies were successful in reducing the total infested area of Russian knapweed by 79%. Treatments used for other targeted species also appear to have been effective in reducing their overall distribution and abundance on the landscape. In addition, the reinventory identified several new species with the potential to become problematic in the area. Although this case study documents the substantial progress that has been made at Dinosaur National Monument toward obtaining specific weed management objectives, it more importantly illustrates the process and benefits of an adaptive approach in sustaining long-term invasive plant species management efforts.

The Seasonality of Survival and Subsequent Growth of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Rhizome Fragments

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevyn J. Juneau ◽  
Catherine S. Tarasoff
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Survival And Growth

AbstractCommon reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.] is an invasive plant that reproduces poorly by seed but regenerates vigorously by rhizomes. Because Phragmites australis propagates well through rhizome growth, invasion often occurs from transported rhizome tissue. We investigated both rhizome-fragment biomass and seasonal effects on survival and growth of ramets. Rhizomes were collected along roadside ditches during the fall of 2009 and 2010 and during the summer of 2010 and 2011. Fall and summer were chosen because the plants were either dormant or actively growing, respectively. Rhizomes were cut into fragments then grown in a greenhouse for 60 d in vermiculite with no added nutrients. Rhizomes collected in the fall had a survival rate of 71.1%, whereas only 15.6% of those collected in the summer survived. Within season, rhizomes with low initial biomass had lower survival rates and growth than did large rhizomes. There was no seasonal difference in the total biomass produced by the surviving plants; however, allocation of biomass did differ. Summer-collected rhizomes showed a higher belowground to aboveground biomass ratio than did those collected in the fall. Understanding the viability of Phragmites australis rhizome fragments provides land managers a greater awareness of the high-establishment risks of Phragmites australis. This information should be included in an integrated weed management program, and actions should be taken to reduce the spread of this weed during roadside maintenance. Although the risk of survival is lower during the summer, soil contaminated with Phragmites australis should not be transported or must be sifted with a screen to ensure all rhizome fragments are removed.

scholarly journals Beetle on the battle: Defoliation of Parthenium hysterophorus by Zygogramma bicolorata in Kathmandu valley, Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 100-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Babu Shrestha ◽  
Khum Bahadur Thapa-Magar ◽  
Ambika Paudel ◽  
Uttam Babu Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Biocontrol Agent ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Parthenium Hysterophorus ◽  
Plant Science ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Zygogramma Bicolorata

Zygogramma bicolorata, a Mexican beetle, is the most widely distributed biocontrol agent of the invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus. The occurrence and distribution of this beetle in Nepal has been poorly documented. We monitored and mapped the occurrence of this beetle in Kathmandu valley for two years from August 2009 to September 2011. A small population of the beetle was first encountered in a wasteland at Sundarighat of Kirtipur Municipality in August 2010. By September 2011, the beetle has spread over half of the valley areas where P. hysterophorus was present, but damage to the weed was appreciable only at Sundarighat. The effectiveness of biocontrolling process is likely to be limited by shorter period of defoliating activity of the beetle, prolific seed production by Parthenium round the year, and environmental pollution.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5559 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 100-104

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