Seroprevalence of leptospirosis in Chennai city, India.

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 4897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Padma Kumari J.* ◽  
Sheila Doris T. ◽  
Usha Krishnan K.
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Chennai City

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, it occurs worldwide but is most common in tropical and subtropical countries. The magnitude of the problem varies from community to community. The serovars which cause the disease in a community change with adaptation to a new maintenance host and is epidemiologically important. Aims and Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis in Chennai city. To identify the prevalent serovar in Chennai causing leptospirosis by using gold standard test Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Methods: 1209 patients from Chennai, with fever of one-week duration and with signs and symptoms of Leptospirosis were the study population and were screened for Leptospirosis by Macroscopic Slide Agglutination Test (MSAT). The positive samples by MSAT were tested for the prevalent serovar and for confirmation by MAT and the results were analyzed statistically. Result: The seroprevalence of Leptospirosis is 17.8%. The prevalent serovar circulating in Chennai is L. grippotyphosa. Conclusion: Laboratory diagnosis is essential to confirm the current illness, and for epidemiological and public health reasons, namely to determine which serovar caused the infection, the likely source of infection and the potential reservoir and its location. This helps in control strategies.

Characteristics of venous insufficiency in western Turkey: VEYT-I study

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 374-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Akbulut ◽  
H İ UÇAr ◽  
M Öç ◽  
M İKizler ◽  
C Yorgancoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Insufficiency ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Turkish Population ◽  
Venous Hypertension ◽  
Venous Disease ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Western Turkey ◽  
Study Population

Objectives Syndromes of venous hypertension and reduced venous clearance are important causes of morbidity and disability in patients with varicose venous disease. Published estimates of the prevalence of varicosities range from 7% to 55% in the adult population, with most studies demonstrating clinical varicose reflux in about 40% of the population where the frequency of venous insufficiency is believed to be higher in Westernized and industrialized nations, most likely due to differences in lifestyle and activity. Unfortunately, the prevalence in a Turkish population is not known. The goal of the VEYT-I study was to determine the characteristics of venous insufficiency in a Turkish population. Method Randomized patients who applied to a health-care centre were included in this study. The Tübingen questionnaire was used to evaluate the signs and symptoms of venous insufficiency and their seriousness in a Turkish population. Patients were additionally questioned on demographic data, education, working, living habits, quality of life and actual health status. Results A total of 2167 patients were involved in this study. Four patients with chronic renal failure and 40 patients with congestive heart failure were excluded. In patients with venous insufficiency, 90.1% did not receive any therapy. In all, 51.53% of patients with venous insufficiency were men, and mean age was 56.9 ± 9.4. Conclusion The prevalence of venous insufficiency seems to be somewhat higher when compared with Western populations. One of the most prominent facts is that about 90% of patients with venous insufficiency did not receive any therapy. Therefore, disease-related complications or discomfort might emerge soon, and so more importance should be given to venous insufficiency. The VEYT-I study is a continuing database study and the target is to enlarge the study population.

scholarly journals A ten-year follow-up of human leptospirosis in Uruguay: an unresolved health problem

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Schelotto ◽  
Elba Hernández ◽  
Sabina González ◽  
Alicia Del Monte ◽  
Silvana Ifran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Male ◽  
Standard Technique ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Clinical Feature ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Major Factors

Leptospira spp. are delicate bacteria that cannot be studied by usual microbiological methods. They cause leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through infected urine of wild or domestic animals. We studied the incidence of this disease in the Uruguayan population, its epidemiologic and clinical features, and compared diagnostic techniques. After examining 6,778 suspect cases, we estimated that about 15 infections/100,000 inhabitants occurred yearly, affecting mainly young male rural workers. Awareness about leptospirosis has grown among health professionals, and its lethality has consequently decreased. Bovine infections were probably the principal source of human disease. Rainfall volumes and floods were major factors of varying incidence. Most patients had fever, asthenia, myalgias or cephalalgia, with at least one additional abnormal clinical feature. 30-40% of confirmed cases presented abdominal signs and symptoms, conjunctival suffusion and altered renal or urinary function. Jaundice was more frequent in patients aged > 40 years. Clinical infections followed an acute pattern and their usual outcome was complete recovery. Laboratory diagnosis was based on indirect micro-agglutination standard technique (MAT). Second serum samples were difficult to obtain, often impairing completion of diagnosis. Immunofluorescence was useful as a screening test and for early detection of probable infections.

scholarly journals Trypanosome infections in naturally infected horses and donkeys of three active sleeping sickness foci in the south of Chad

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joël Vourchakbé ◽  
Arnol Auvaker Tiofack ◽  
Mbida Mpoame ◽  
Gustave Simo
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sleeping Sickness ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Trypanosome Species ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Objective Being

Abstract Background Equine trypanosomiases are complex infectious diseases with overlapping clinical signs defined by their mode of transmission. Despite their economic impacts, these diseases have been neglected by the scientific community, the veterinary authorities and regulatory organizations. To fill the observed knowledge gap, we undertook the identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies naturally infecting horses and donkeys within the Chadian sleeping sickness focus. The end objective, being to investigate the potential role of these domestic animals as reservoirs of the human infective Trypanosoma brucei gambienseMethod Blood samples were collected from 155 donkeys and 131 horses in three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci of Chad. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and capillary tube centrifugation (CTC) test were used to search for trypanosome infections. DNA was extracted from each blood sample and different trypanosome species and subspecies were identified with molecular tools.Results From 286 blood samples collected, 54 (18.9%) and 36 (12.6%) were respectively positive for RDT and CTC. PCR revealed 144 (50.3%) animals with trypanosome infections. The kappa Cohen coefficients used to evaluate the concordance between the diagnostic methods were low; ranging from 0.087±0.0473 to 0.48 ± 0.0698. Trypanosomes of the subgenus Trypanozoon were the most prevalent (29.4%), followed by T. congolense forest (11.5%), T. congolense savannah (4.9%) and T. vivax (4.5%). Two donkeys and one horse from the Maro HAT focus were found with T. b. gambiense infections. Between animal species and HAT foci, no significant differences were observed in the infection rates of different trypanosomes. Conclusion This study revealed several trypanosome species and sub species in donkeys and horses, highlighting the existence of AAT in HAT foci of Chad. The identification of T. b. gambiense in donkeys and horses suggests considering these animals as potential reservoir for HAT in Chad. The presence of both human-infective and human non infective trypanosomes species highlights the need for developing joined control strategies for HAT and AAT.

“EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COVID19 PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF 245 CASES IN A GOVERNMENT TEACHING INSTITUTE OF NORTH INDIA.”

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-53
Author(s):  
Divya Jain ◽  
Umesh Shukla ◽  
Jyotsna Madan ◽  
Bhanu K Bhakri ◽  
Devendra Kumar Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
North India ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background and objectives: Worldwide literature on presentation of patients infected with novel coronavirus shows huge variability in terms of severity and outcome depending on the demographic characteristics of the affected population. We aim to present epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted at our facility. Methods: Retrospective analysis of epidemiological, and clinical characteristics of patients admitted at a dedicated COVID hospital in North India. Results: Records of 245 patients were analyzed. The mean (SD) age was 32 (17.87) years ranging from 1 day to 81 years. Children <18 years of age constituted around 18% of the study population of which only about a fourth (23%) were symptomatic. About 52.4% of patients were males. Almost 40% cases were detected through contact tracing of known infected patients and in about 56% cases the source of infection was indeterminate. About 67% were asymptomatic and most of the symptomatic patients had mild disease. Among the symptomatic patients cough (19.9%) and fever (17.1%) were most common symptoms followed by throat irritation. Comorbidities were present in 32 (13.06%) patients, of which hypertension in 6.12% was the most common. There were 22 (8.97%) health care workers (HCW) among the patients. Majority of the affected HCW were working in areas with relatively low infection risk. Six (2.44%) patients required oxygen supplementation. The mean duration of stay in hospital was 9.6 ±.57 days. Interpretations & Conclusions: Our observations indicate a relatively younger age of affected population and high proportion of asymptomatic patients. Children are usually asymptomatic with relatively better prognosis.

scholarly journals Clostridioides (Clostridium) Difficile in Food-Producing Animals, Horses and Household Pets: A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Kachrimanidou ◽  
Eleni Tzika ◽  
George Filioussis
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Ribotype 078 ◽  
And Control

Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is ubiquitous in the environment and is also considered as a bacterium of great importance in diarrhea-associated disease for humans and different animal species. Food animals and household pets are frequently found positive for toxigenic C. difficile without exposing clinical signs of infection. Humans and animals share common C. difficile ribotypes (RTs) suggesting potential zoonotic transmission. However, the role of animals for the development of human infection due to C. difficile remains unclear. One major public health issue is the existence of asymptomatic animals that carry and shed the bacterium to the environment, and infect individuals or populations, directly or through the food chain. C. difficile ribotype 078 is frequently isolated from food animals and household pets as well as from their environment. Nevertheless, direct evidence for the transmission of this particular ribotype from animals to humans has never been established. This review will summarize the current available data on epidemiology, clinical presentations, risk factors and laboratory diagnosis of C. difficile infection in food animals and household pets, outline potential prevention and control strategies, and also describe the current evidence towards a zoonotic potential of C. difficile infection.

scholarly journals Sporotrichosis in Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conchita Toriello ◽  
Carolina Brunner-Mendoza ◽  
Estela Ruiz-Baca ◽  
Esperanza Duarte-Escalante ◽  
Amelia Pérez-Mejía ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Sporothrix Brasiliensis ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Common Clinical Presentation ◽  
Subcutaneous Mycoses

Abstract Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0–15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host’s immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico’s epidemiological national system, the “Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica.” Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis.

Signs and symptoms associated with synthetic cannabinoid toxicity: systematic review

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Courts ◽  
Virginia Maskill ◽  
Andrew Gray ◽  
Paul Glue
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoids ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Synthetic Cannabinoid ◽  
Symptom Reporting ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Study Population

Aims: Use of synthetic cannabinoids is associated with significant physical and psychological harms. This research quantified reported toxicities from published reports and assessed the influence of size of the reported study population on rates of symptom reporting. Methods: Systematic review of published case reports and case series of toxicity associated with use of synthetic cannabinoids. Results: Symptoms associated with synthetic cannabinoid toxicity were reported for 3695 individuals, predominantly young males. Symptoms included physiological (e.g. tachycardia, hypertension, nausea/vomiting), emotional (e.g. agitation, irritability, paranoia), behavioural (e.g. drowsiness, aggression) and perceptual (e.g. hallucinations) domains. Most common symptoms were tachycardia (30.2% of cases), agitation (13.5%), drowsiness (12.3%), nausea/vomiting (8.2%) and hallucinations (7.6%). Death or serious medical complications were uncommon (e.g. death 0.2%, stroke 0.1%, myocardial infarction 0.09%). Case reports/smaller case series ( n<10) reported statistically significantly higher rates for 29/34 symptoms than larger case series ( n≥10), which could represent selection bias. Conclusions: Symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid toxicity are variable and cover a number of physical and psychological domains. Symptom reporting varies by study population size. Due to the variable presenting symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid toxicity, clinicians in emergency services should consider synthetic cannabinoid toxicity when evaluating young adult male patients presenting with unexplained agitation or cardiovascular symptoms.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF ASF SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
D. V. Sharypova ◽  
O. V. Kapustina ◽  
I. Yu. Zhukov ◽  
N. N. Vlasova ◽  
A. S. Igolkin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Latex Agglutination Test ◽  
Rapid Tests ◽  
Fixed Cell

Due to the lack of effective tools of ASF specific prevention it is evident that early diagnosis is one of the most important and resultative ways of the disease control. However, contemporary diagnosis is a complex component of any effective surveillance system. Latest scientific achievements facilitated not only highly specific and sensitive but also rapid methods of laboratory diagnosis. Nevertheless, further development, improvement and expansion of ASF diagnosis techniques including rapid tests is a topical task of a great concern. The research is devoted to development of rapid test methods for rapid detection of antibodies to ASFV in blood sera of infected animals as well as to analysis of their use effectiveness. The following methods were suggested: immunoperoxidase monolayer assay using fixed cell line (ASFV permissive CV-1 cell-line infected with the virus strain ASF/ARRIAH/CV-1) and latex agglutination test using ASFV p30 recombinant protein. The performed research demonstrated the effectiveness of the applied techniques for ASF serological diagnosis. Latex agglutination test and immunoperoxidase monolayer assay give rapid and high quality test results (within 1–2 hours). The advantage of the specified methods as compared to ELISA is their simplicity and the possibility of use in conditions of limited technical support.  

scholarly journals Leishmaniose visceral: Uma revisão literária

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Antonio Ricardo Lisboa ◽  
Anderson Angel Vieira Pinheiro ◽  
Antonia Elinaíde Ferreira Dantas ◽  
Itatyane Batista de Oliveira ◽  
Tiago Rozendo Evangelista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Main Host

<p>A leishmaniose é uma zoonose relatada principalmente em países de clima tropical e sistêmica transmitida por flebotomínios. Por ser uma zoonose que afeta tanto o homem quanto os animais e, recentemente, um grande aumento dos seus dados epidemiológicos, objetivou-se estabelecer uma revisão desde aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos até os novos estudos que visam novas substâncias para o tratamento da doença. Para tanto, a literatura consultada se deu a partir do uso do Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Periódicos CAPES e bibliotecas acadêmicas. Estudos mostraram os aspectos clínicos que a zoonose acarreta e os dados epidemiológicos do nosso país. No Brasil, a forma infectante é a <em>Leishmania (L.) chagasi</em>, sendo que para diagnóstico diferencial, utiliza-se de artifícios bioquímicos, imunológicos e/ou anatomopatológicos. Até o momento as espécies <em>Lutzomyia</em> <em>longipalpis </em>e <em>Lutzomyia cruzi</em> estão relacionadas com a transmissão da doença no Brasil. O principal hospedeiro é o cão (<em>Canis familiares</em>) e é a maior fonte de transmissão do parasito para o homem. O diagnóstico laboratorial continua pautado em parasitológico, imunológico/munofluorescência e ELISA. O clínico se baseia em sinais e sintomas, compilados com os laboratoriais. O tratamento se baseia em apenas dois medicamentos: o antimoniato de N-metil glucamina e a anfotericina B. Desta forma, se faz necessário o investimento para estudos e desenvolvimento de novas drogas, sejam elas derivadas de produtos naturais ou sintéticas e de vacinas para humanos que possam atuar frente a esta zoonose, uma vez que, já se tem observado resistência aos fármacos utilizados. Medidas que visam a redução da transmissão são fundamentais, bem como, o diagnóstico precoce e de alta sensibilidade dos cães infectados para iniciar o tratamento adequado. </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Visceral leishmaniasis: A literary review</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong><em>The leishmaniasis is a zoonosis systemic reported mainly in countries with a tropical climated and transmitted by phlebotomines. For being a zoonosis which affects both the man as the animals and, recently, a large increase in its epidemiological data, ruled in establishing a review from clinical-epidemiological aspects until the new studies that aim new substances for the treatment of the disease. Therefore, a literature consulted it was based on the use of </em>Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, “CAPES” periodicals and academic bibliography. Studies have shown the clinical aspects that the zoonosis entails and the epidemiological data of our country. In Brazil, <em>Leishmania</em> (L.) <em>chagasi</em> is the infecting form, being that for differential diagnosis, it uses biochemical, immunological and /or anatomopathological devices. To date the <em>Lutzomyia</em><em> longipalpis</em> and <em>Lutzomyia cruzi</em> species are related to the transmission of the disease in Brazil. The main host is the dog (<em>Canis familiares</em>) and is the major source of transmission of the parasite for man. The laboratory diagnosis is based on parasitological, immunological / munofluorescence and ELISA. The clinician relies on signs and symptoms, compiled with the laboratory. The treatment is based on only two drugs: antimoniate n-methyl-<em>D</em>-glucamine and amphotericin B. Therefore, is necessary to invest in studies and development of new drugs, whether they are derived from natural product or synthetic and from vaccines for humans that may act against this zoonosis, since, resistance to the drugs used has already been observed. Measures aimed at reducing transmission are essential, as well as, the early and high sensitivity diagnosis of infected dogs to initiate appropriate treatment.</p>

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