Innovative Potable Water Purification without RO - Direct Potable Reuse Demonstration Pilot in Central Florida

For decades, the city of Windhoek in Namibia succeeded in stretching their limited potable water resources through strict water management, latterly including wastewater reclamation and direct potable reuse. An integrated approach was followed and proper policies were put in place. This was followed up with appropriate legislation, education, policing and technical and financial measures with the result that extreme water shortages were overcome even in times of severe droughts.

Download Full-text

Toilet power: potable water reuse and the situated meaning of sustainability in the southwestern United States

Journal of Political Ecology ◽

10.2458/v26i1.23257 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 633

Author(s):

Kerri Jean Ormerod

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Q Methodology ◽

Potable Water ◽

Urban Metabolism ◽

Urban Wastewater ◽

Southwestern United States ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Contextual Understanding ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

Proposals to recycle urban wastewater for potable purposes are at the forefront of water development. In this article I combine political ecology's attention to networked relations with Q methodology to identify the shared positions of select stakeholders in the southwestern United States, an urbanizing region increasingly reliant on potable water reuse. I employ critical Q methodology to provide a contextual understanding of how water and sanitation technology shapes subjects and environments. The analyses reveal two distinct sanitary subjectivities, which I label neosanitarian and ecosanitarian, whose views most sharply diverge regarding the appropriateness of direct potable reuse and composting toilets. The findings highlight the situated meaning of sustainability and also underscore the role that wastewater and water reuse play in shaping ecologies, which in turn, helps to identify the environments of elimination that make specific innovations in the water sector possible. In conclusion, I suggest that in the broader context of potable water reuse, the toilet is in a perniciously powerful position to make city-spaces and shape the future citizenry.Keywords: infrastructure, urban metabolism, Q methodology, water recycling, composting toilet

Download Full-text

Water Quality for Potable Reuse

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0675 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (10-12) ◽

pp. 2171-2180 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

William C. Lauer

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Potable Water ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Test Results ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Extensive Analysis ◽

Animal Feeding ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

Denver's Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project is designed to examine the feasibility of converting secondary treated wastewater to potable water quality. A 1.0 mgd (44L/s) treatment plant began operation in 1985 and during the first three years many processes were evaluated. Data from the evaluation period was used to select the optimum treatment sequence which is now being used to produce samples for the two-year animal feeding health effects study now underway. Operation in this configuration will continue until early 1991 during which time comprehensive analytical studies will further define the water quality in relation to existing standards and Denver's current potable supply. A decision concerning the full-scale implementation of direct potable reuse will follow extensive analysis of the test results and in-depth economic evaluation.

Download Full-text

Fate and persistence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes through a multi-barrier treatment facility for direct potable reuse

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2021.097 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lina Wallmann ◽

Jörg Krampe ◽

Josef Lahnsteiner ◽

Elena Radu ◽

Pierre van Rensburg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Potable Water ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Treatment Facility ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

Abstract Given the availability of technological solutions and guidelines for safe drinking water, direct potable reuse of reclaimed water has become a promising option to overcome severe lack of potable water in arid regions. However, the growing awareness of the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in corresponding raw wastes has led to new safety concerns. This study investigated the fate of ARB and intracellular and extracellular ARG after each treatment step of an advanced water treatment facility in Windhoek, Namibia. The New Goreangab Water Reclamation Plant (NGWRP) produces drinking water from domestic secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent and directly provides for roughly a quarter of Windhoek's potable water demand. Procedures to study resistance determinants were based on both, molecular biology and culture-based microbiological methods. TaqMan real-time PCR was employed to detect and quantify intracellular resistance genes sul1, ermB, vanA, nptII and nptIII as well as extracellular resistance gene sul1. The NGWRP reduced the amount of both culturable bacterial indicators as well as the resistance genes to levels below the limit of detection in the final product. The main ozonation and the ultrafiltration had the highest removal efficiencies on both resistance determinants.

Download Full-text

International research agency perspectives on potable water reuse

Environmental Science Water Research & Technology ◽

10.1039/c5ew00165j ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (5) ◽

pp. 563-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Jo Burgess ◽

Melissa Meeker ◽

Julie Minton ◽

Mark O'Donohue

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

International Research ◽

Water Reuse ◽

Potable Water ◽

Political Issues ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

The Usa ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

This paper summarises the technical, social and political issues regarding direct potable reuse in the USA, Australia, and South Africa.

Download Full-text

Atrazine Removal from Municipal Wastewater Using a Membrane Bioreactor

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072567 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2567

Author(s):

Mohanad Kamaz ◽

Steven M. Jones ◽

Xianghong Qian ◽

Michael J. Watts ◽

Wen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Emerging Contaminants ◽

Potable Water ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

The United States ◽

Synthetic Wastewater ◽

Attractive Alternative ◽

Potable Reuse ◽

Treatment Facilities ◽

Direct Potable Reuse

As the demand for potable water increases, direct potable reuse of wastewater is an attractive alternative method to produce potable water. However, implementation of such a process will require the removal of emerging contaminants which could accumulate in the drinking water supply. Here, the removal of atrazine, a commonly used herbicide, has been investigated. Using real and synthetic wastewater, as well as sludge from two wastewater treatment facilities in the United States in Norman, Oklahoma and Fayetteville, Arkansas, atrazine removal has been investigated. Our results indicate that about 20% of the atrazine is removed by adsorption onto the particulate matter present. Significant biodegradation of atrazine was only observed under aerobic conditions for sludge from Norman, Oklahoma. Next-generation sequencing of the activated sludge revealed the abundance of Noncardiac with known atrazine degradation pathways in the Norman aerobic sludge, which is believed to be responsible for atrazine biodegradation in our study. The detection of these bacteria could also be used to determine the likelihood of biodegradation of atrazine for a given wastewater treatment facility.

Download Full-text