scholarly journals De Vlaamse patriotten en de natievorming. Hoe de Vlaamse natie ophield 'klein' te zijn

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-248
Author(s):  
Bruno De Wever ◽  
Frans-Jos Verdoodt ◽  
Antoon Vrints
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Influential Theory

Het artikel toetst de invloedrijke theorie van Miroslav Hroch over de ontwikkeling van ‘kleine’ naties in het territorium van een dominante natie toe aan de hand van de casus Vlaanderen. Er wordt met name aandacht besteed aan de sociale achtergrond van de Vlaamse patriotten en aan het sociaal programma dat ze ontwikkelen in relatie tot de Vlaamse natie. Het essayistische betoog verdedigt de hypothese dat de Vlaamse beweging er lange tijd niet in slaagde de arbei-dersbeweging en de werkgevers te integreren in de Vlaamse natie, waardoor die in de opvattingen van Hroch ‘gedesintegreerd’ bleef en dus ‘klein’. De sociale achtergrond van de Vlaamse patriotten bleef beperkt tot de middengroepen; hun programma was niet of slechts in beperkte mate gericht op de integratie van andere sociale groepen. Dit veranderde pas vanaf de jaren 1960, toen enerzijds als gevolg van sociaaleconomische veranderingen de middengroepen expandeerden en anderzijds door sociaal-culturele veranderingen het Vlaams natieproject een ruimere sociale basis kreeg. De Vlaamse patriotten slaagden er in een proces van staatshervormingen op gang te brengen waardoor de Vlaamse natie zich reproduceerde in de dagelijkse realiteit. In die omstandigheden voltrok zich dan toch de massificatie van de Vlaamse natie waardoor die ophield ‘klein’ te zijn ten opzichte van de Belgische.________Flemish Patriots and Nation-Forming. How the Flemish Nation Ceased to Be “Small”This article tests the influential theory of Miroslav Hroch concerning the development of ‘small’ nations within the territory of a dominant nation on the basis of the case of Flanders. Namely, attention is paid to the social background of the Flemish patriots and the social program that they developed in relation to the Flemish nation. The argument of this essay defends the hypothesis that, for a long time, the Flemish Movement did not succeed in integrating the workers’ movement and employers into the Flemish nation, and thus in Hroch’s conception it remained ‘disintegrated’ and thus ‘small’. The social background of the Flemish patriots remained restricted to the middle classes; their program was barely, if at all, geared toward the integration of other social groups. This did not change until the 1960s, when, on the one hand, the middle classes expanded as a result of socioeconomic changes and, on the other hand, the Flemish national project obtained a larger social basis through sociocultural changes. Flemish patriots succeeded in getting a process of devolution underway, by which the Flemish nation reproduced itself in day-to-day life. In these circumstances, the massification of the Flemish nation happened, whereby it ceased to be ‘small’ with regard to the Belgian.

The Political Ecology of Colonial Somaliland

Africa ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jama Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Political Ecology ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Ecological Change ◽  
Ecological Degradation ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Real Price ◽  
The Social ◽  
Imperial Politics ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe social basis of ecological change in Somaliland during the colonial period was politics, especially imperial politics: the division of the Somali country into various colonial spheres, the loss of territory under the 1897 Anglo‐Ethiopian Treaty, and the pacification wars. These events, as it were, reduced the land available for use by the pastoralists, which led to overgrazing, soil erosion and ecological degradation. Moreover, the income of the population declined throughout the colonial period. Even though during the late colonial period the ‘nominal’ price of pastoral goods increased, the ‘real’ price of pastoral commodities did not increase to cover the loss of income caused by inflation and the high cost of imported goods. These two processes—on the one hand ecological degradation and on the other the decline of income—could be understood if they were read contrapuntally. Such reading is possible only if we give full attention to political ecology: why ecology had changed, the politics of that change, and the impact it had on the income and everyday life of the population.

scholarly journals A (Trans)National Emotional Community? Greek Political Songs and the Politicisation of Greek Migrants in West Germany in the 1960s and early 1970s

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-614
Author(s):  
NIKOLAOS PAPADOGIANNIS
Keyword(s):  
West Germany ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Protest Movements ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Greek Migrants ◽  
Political Songs

AbstractThis article examines the emotional standards and experiences connected with the entehno laiko music composed by Mikis Theodorakis that was immensely popular among left-wing Greek migrants, workers and students, living in West Germany in the 1960s and the early 1970s. Expanding on a body of literature that explores the transnational dimensions of protest movements in the 1960s and the 1970s, the article demonstrates that these transnational dimensions were not mutually exclusive with the fact that at least some of those protestors felt that they belonged to a particular nation. Drawing on the conceptual framework put forth by Barbara Rosenwein, it argues that the performance of these songs was conducive to the making of a (trans)national emotional community. On the one hand, for Greek left-wingers residing in West Germany and, after 1967, for Greek centrists too, the collective singing of music composed by Theodorakis initially served as a means of ‘overcoming fear’ and of forging committed militants who struggled for the social and political transformation of their country of origin. On the other, from the late 1960s onwards those migrants increasingly enacted this emotional community with local activists from West Germany as well.

Individuals and Aggregates

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-250
Author(s):  
Paul F. Bourke ◽  
Donald A. DeBats
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social History ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Electoral Behavior ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Vexing Question

After more than a decade's impressive achievement in the “new” social history and the “new” political history, two distinct though related problems require us to reconsider the data appropriate to these inquiries. First, recent commentators (Foner, 1974; Formi-sano, 1976) have pointed to the relative failure of research in these areas to converge, a failure made more obvious in the light of the programmatic optimism of the 1960s which held out the prospect of an integrated approach to the social basis of politics and to the political implications of social structure. Second, there has been in recent years some acknowledgment by historians (see below) of the vexing question of inferences across levels of data, a matter central to other social sciences and particularly pressing for historians of electoral behavior.

Submerging or Clinging On Again? József Antall, Father and Son, in Hungary after 1956

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
JÁNOS M. RAINE
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Hungarian Society ◽  
Upper Middle Class ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Father And Son

The aim of this case study of the two Antalls, father and son (the latter became the first Hungarian prime minister after the free elections in 1990) is to present and analyse the period that coincided with the post-1956 development of the Kádár system. Its apparent success, efficiency and partial, surrogate, legitimacy has often been explained by the so-called ‘compromise’ of the Kádárist leadership with Hungarian society after 1956, particularly the ‘old intelligentsia’ or ‘old middle classes’. In fact, while there was an obvious continuity in institutions and ideology between the classic Stalinist regime and that of Kádár, the societal and political practice of the system gradually changed. The Antalls were representative of the inter-war upper middle class (the father) and the participants in the 1956 revolution (the son). Discrimination according to their social background, prevalent in the early 1950s, diminished at the turn of the 1960s, so that someone descended from the former Christian middle class, like the younger József Antall, could be recruited into the intelligentsia.

scholarly journals Privatizing Social Security: Advisable But It Can Be A Roller-Coaster Ride To The U.S. Taxpayer

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Mahamood M. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Roller Coaster ◽  
Treasury Bonds ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
The U.S

The ability of the Social Security retirement program to pay the promised benefits to future generations has been debated since the 1960s. Various suggestions have been made, but the one that has attracted the most passionate opinions has been whether some or all of the Social Security Trust Funds should be invested in the stock market, which would yield higher returns than on the Federal government issued bonds (Treasury Bonds). In reviewing 88 years of financial market data going back to 1926, the author shows that investing in the stock market (using the S&P 500 as the proxy) will most probably produce higher returns for the U.S. taxpayer (investor) over the long term, but the investor will have to be prepared for a roller-coaster ride of highs and lows.

Apocalypse Now: The State of Apocalyptic Studies Near the End of the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adela Yarbro Collins
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
English Version ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Theology And Philosophy ◽  
Damaging Effects

Apocalyptic studies flourished in the 1970s and early 1980s. This interest probably had something to do with the social and political upheavals of the 1960s and their effects, but I won't go into that issue today. In 1970, Klaus Koch's bookRatlos vor der Apokalyptikwas published in Germany. In 1972 it appeared in English under a title more friendly to scholars:The Rediscovery of Apocalyptic. The subtitle, however, preserved the edginess of the original:A Polemical Work on a Neglected Area of Biblical Studies and Its Damaging Effects on Theology and Philosophy.1My favorite chapter is the one entitled “The Agonized Attempt to Save Jesus from Apocalyptic.” The main title of the English version, as well as the title of the chapter I just mentioned, unfortunately converted a respectable German noun into the substantive use of an adjective with a vague referent.

The Directions of Changes in the Secondary Comprehensive School System for Girls within the Polish Territories During the Partitions Period and the II Republic of Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dormus
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
School System ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Secondary Level ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Secondary School Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The One ◽  
State Grammar

The manner in which secondary school education for girls was transforming within the Polish territories during the partitions period and under the II Republic of Poland is a complex issue which, on the one hand, inscribes into the educational policy executed by the partitioning states and later on by Polish authorities, while, on the other hand into a broad scope of changes regarding the social position of women. For a long time, girls were perceived, first and foremost, as future wives, mothers, and housekeepers. As a result, the need to create female grammar schools, that is, comprehensive schools that would prepare them for university studies, was disregarded. However, various post-primary schools were established with the aim to prepare girls for their future roles or, alternatively, provide qualifications enabling them to become school teachers. These schools could also be attended by those girls who wished to expand and supplement their general education. Not until the II Republic of Poland was the male and female school system standardised at the secondary level. Yet, girls continued to struggle to complete the secondary level of education due to a smaller number of state grammar schools addressed at female students.

scholarly journals Environmental determinism and archaeology. Understanding and evaluating determinism in research design

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. J. Arponen ◽  
Walter Dörfler ◽  
Ingo Feeser ◽  
Sonja Grimm ◽  
Daniel Groß ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Social Production ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Environmental Determinism ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Widespread Availability ◽  
The One

AbstractWith the emergence of modern techniques of environmental analysis and widespread availability of accessible tools and quantitative data, the question of environmental determinism is once again on the agenda. This paper is theoretical in character, attempting, for the benefit of drawing up research designs, to understand and evaluate the character of environmental determinism. We reach three main conclusions: (1) in a typical pattern of research design, studies seek to detect simultaneous shifts in the environmental and archaeological records, variously positing the former to have influenced, triggered or caused the latter; (2) the question of determinism involves uncertainty about the justification for the above research design in particular in what comes to biologism and the concept of environmental thresholds on the one hand and the externality of the drivers of transformation in human groups and societies on the other; (3) adapting the concepts of the social production of vulnerability and the social basis of hazards from anthropology may help to clarify the available research design choices at hand.

United in Separation: The Inventions of Gel Filtration and the Moral Economy of Research in Swedish Biochemistry, ca. 1950–1970

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-274
Author(s):  
Sven Widmalm
Keyword(s):  
Research Policy ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Separation Techniques ◽  
Separation Science ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Main Activity

ArgumentThe Uppsala school in separation science, under the leadership of Nobel laureates, The (Theodor) Svedberg and Arne Tiselius, was by all counts a half-century-long success story. Chemists at the departments for physical chemistry and biochemistry produced a number of separation techniques that were widely adopted by the scientific community and in various technological applications. Success was also commercial and separation techniques, such as gel filtration, were an important factor behind the meteoric rise of the drug company Pharmacia from the 1950s. The paper focuses on the story behind the invention of gel filtration and the product Sephadex in the 1950s and the emergence of streamlined commercially oriented separation science as a main activity at the department of biochemistry in the 1960s. The dynamics of this development is analyzed from the perspectives of moral economy and storytelling framed by the larger question of the social construction of innovation. The latter point is addressed in a brief discussion about the uses of stories like the one about Sephadex in current research policy.

Public School Elites in Early-Victorian England: The Boys at Harrow and Merchant Taylors' Schools from 1825 to 1850

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Public School ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Victorian England ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Elite ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One

Historians agree that the public schools played a central role in the creation of Victorian society and that in particular they were seminal in the construction of that “mid-Victorian compromise” which made the mid-century an era of “balance,” “equipoise,” and accommodation. There is further agreement that the cadre of boys produced by the newly reformed public schools became that mid-Victorian governing and social elite which was at once larger, more broadly based, more professional and, to many, more talented than the one which preceded it. The importance of the public schools in this regard was, as Asa Briggs affirms, twofold. They assimilated the “representatives of old families with the sons of the new middle classes,” thereby creating the “social amalgam” which, in Briggs' view, “cemented old and new ruling groups which had previously remained apart.” Secondly, the singular expression of that amalgamation was an elite type, the “Christian Gentleman”—the result of an “education in character” administered under the influence of Dr. Arnold. Arnold was able to do this because he “reconciled the serious classes” (that is, the commercial middle class) “to the public schools,” sharing as he did “their faith in progress, goodness, and their own vocation.” At first, the schools “attracted primarily the sons of the nobility, gentry and professional classes.” Later, it was the “sons of the leaders of industry” who were, like earlier generations of boys, amalgamated with “the sons of men of different traditions” in a broadened “conception of a gentleman.”

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