scholarly journals Endosperm starch grains of Andropogon, Arthraxon hispidus, and Hyparrhenia rufa (Andropogoneae, Panicoideae, Poaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gabriel Sánchez Ken
Keyword(s):  
Grain Morphology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Razor Blade ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hyparrhenia Rufa ◽  
Starch Grain ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Endosperm Starch

Background and Aims: Grasses have five different types of endosperm starch grain morphology. Even though there is high diversity within the family, the morphology of the starch grains is generally represented by one or two species. Some genera, such as Andropogon (Andropogoneae), were reported to have at least three types of starch grains. However, most of the reviewed species were transferred to other genera. Therefore, the question whether the genus has one or more types of starch grain morphology remains unanswered. Methods: Between four and eight mature caryopses were removed from specimens deposited in the herbarium IEB for most species, as well as from plants monitored in the field until they had mature caryopses. The caryopses were attached on a plate with a drop of white adhesive Resistol® or resin and then sectioned with a razor blade. Sections were stained with a drop of diluted Lugol´s solution, microscopically observed and photographed at several magnifications. Key results: All Andropogon species observed have only one type of starch grain morphology, the Andropogon-type. In all species the simple starch grains are much more abundant than the compound ones, except in A. tenuispatheus where the ratio is inverted. The other two reviewed species, Arthraxon hispidus and Hyparrhenia rufa have Andropogon-type and Panicum-type starch grains, respectively. Conclusions: It is confirmed that, so far, all Andropogon species observed have one type (Andropogon-type) of endosperm starch grain morphology. There is variation in the size, size distribution and shape of the starch grains among the species. Andropogon gayanus is the only reviewed species with large starch grains reaching 28 µm, whereas those in the other species measure up to 15 µm in diameter.

Geometric Synthesis and Enumeration of the Family of 3-DOF Translational Parallel Manipulators via the Screw Theory

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjun Yu ◽  
Shusheng Bi ◽  
Guanghua Zong ◽  
Yuefa Fang
Keyword(s):  
Screw Theory ◽  
Parallel Manipulators ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Symmetrical Structure ◽  
Geometric Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Asymmetrical Structure ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types

In this paper, a systematic method based on the screw theory is proposed for the geometric synthesis of a family of 3-DoF translational parallel manipulators (TPMs). The theory of screws and reciprocal screws is employed for the analysis of the geometric conditions undergoing the different types of constraints for the TPMs. In terms of these established geometric conditions, limb structures that can be used for constructing TPMs are enumerated, and a number of novel TPMs including both symmetrical structure and asymmetrical structure are synthesized accordingly. On the other hand, some composite kinematic pairs are proposed. The involvement of these composite kinematic pairs into the limbs of a TPM greatly enlarges the family of the TPMs.

scholarly journals Secretory Patterns in Colleters of Apocynaceae

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2770
Author(s):  
Josiana Cristina Ribeiro ◽  
Elisabeth Dantas Tölke ◽  
Diego Demarco
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Secretory Process ◽  
Periplasmic Space ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Dense Cytoplasm ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Subcuticular Space ◽  
Floral Meristems ◽  
Secretory Apparatus

Colleters of Apocynaceae are glands related to different types of protection of vegetative and floral meristems through the production of mucilage or a mixture of many different compounds. Although several anatomical papers have shown histological and histochemical aspects of colleters of the family, almost nothing is known about their secretory process. In this study, we analyzed two types of colleters in Apocynaceae: one produces mucilage and lipophilic compounds, while the other produces an exclusively mucilaginous secretion. The secretory epidermis of the colleters of Allamanda schottii and Blepharodon bicuspidatum has a dense cytoplasm with organelles responsible for the production of mucilage and lipids. This heterogeneous secretion is released through granulocrine and eccrine mechanisms and is temporarily stored in a subcuticular space before crossing the cuticle. Conversely, colleters of Mandevilla splendens and Peplonia axillaris produce only mucilage and have a very different secretory apparatus. The mechanism of secretion is granulocrine, and the exudate is firstly accumulated in a large periplasmic space and later in an intramural space before crossing the cuticle. Notably, the structure of the cuticle varies according to the secretion composition. Although the colleters of the family are histologically similar, this study demonstrates a metabolic and subcellular variability previously unknown for Apocynaceae.

— Zur Morphologie und Funktion des — Helodiden-Aedoeagus (Col.)1

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tord Nyholm
Keyword(s):  
Distal Part ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Median Lobe ◽  
Initial Form ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe structure and function of the aedeagus were investigated in 9 genera of the family Helodidae, most thoroughly in Helodes and Cyphon. On the basis of this investigation, the different types of tegmen and penis represented within the family are described. The tegmen of the Helodidae, which is either entirely devoid of a sclerotized "basal piece" or possesses only rudiments of such, may be divided into three main types; in addition there are a few quite aberrant cases. The penis (median lobe), more interesting from the standpoint of comparative morphology, is extremely diversified. A separation between two main types could however be maintained: one represented by genus Helodes alone, the other by all remaining genera. The Helodes type is more primitive, though at the same time rather specialized in certain details. The second penis type is still more specialized. Its main characteristic is a separate triangular sclerite (a "trigonium") situated ventrally in the distal part of penis. In certain genera it is cleft medially into a pair of moveable appendages ("prosthemata"). A splitting of the penis apex into two lobes ("parameroids") occurs in most species of Helodes, but also among the majority of remaining genera. The evolution of the penis from a supposed primitive initial form towards the Helodes type on one side and the highly specialized type represented by certain species of Cyphon on the other, is outlined and discussed. The importance of a gradual change of the copulatory method for this evolution is particularly stressed. The morphology of the aedeagus as basis for the systematics of the Helodidae is briefly treated. The investigation was also extended to cover representatives of other families, generally regarded as related to the Helodidae. Most of them possess an aedeagus of a rather primitive trilobed type. Deviating from this pattern are the Dascillidae, with the penis completely cleft into one dorsal and one ventral sclerite, and also the Psephenidae. In this family, the penis is supplied with a separate sclerite, apparently homologous with the "trigonium" of the Helodidae and with a similar evolution.

Evolution of succulent Euphorbia,/i> as interpreted from latex composition

Bothalia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 857-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Mahlberg ◽  
J. Pleszynska ◽  
W. Rauh ◽  
E. Schnepf
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Grain Morphology ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Starch Grain ◽  
Chromatographic Profile ◽  
Nonarticulated Laticifer ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

The morphology of starch grains and the gas-liquid chromatographic profile of triterpenes derived from latex of the nonarticulated laticifer of succulent African  Euphorbia were examined for their applicability to interpret phylogenetic relationships of this genus. Several trends in starch grain morphology and triterpene composition were evident in the 38 examined taxa. Rod shaped grains, interpreted to be conservative, occurred in only a few taxa in several dwarf groups. Grains of osteoid shape prevailed in most taxa. Highly osteoid grains possessing lobed ends represented the most complex form and were present in some taxa endemic to Madagascar. Triterpene profiles which contained from 2 to 14 or more compounds were derived from all taxa. Each taxon possessed a characteristic profile, or identifying fingerprint. The composition of the profile differed quantitatively and qualitatively among taxa. Taxa with few triterpenes, tentatively interpreted as primitive, occurred in dwarf forms, whereas Madagascan taxa tended to possess high numbers of triterpenes reflective of specialization. This study supports the interpretation that laticifer starch grain morphology and triterpene composition, both gene mediated stable markers, can be employed to determine and correlate phylogenetic relationships between taxa of this complex genus.

scholarly journals Envelhecimento e Imigração: o caso das mulheres Kabyles na França

2002 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atmane Aggoun
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Women ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
French Society ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Keywords Aging ◽  
The Relationship

Resumo: A partir de materiais coletados junto a mulheres idosas de origem kabyle (África) residindo na França, este artigo se propõe a mostrar a ambivalência em relação a diferentes tipos de espaços (vilarejos de origem e sociedades de residência) e traduz a dificuldade de essas mulheres idosas viverem como indivíduos pobres em uma sociedade. Ele aporta alguns elementos de resposta a uma questão típica da sociologia das migrações: como as mulheres idosas pensam um hipotético retorno ao país de origem? Observamos que a maioria entre elas veio para o território francês motivadas pelo projeto de reagrupamento familiar na França, a partir dos anos 1970. Outras, ao contrário, vieram por razões econômicas. Hoje viúvas, solteiras, divorciadas ou casadas, essas mulheres , que outrora exerceram uma atividade profissional , são aposentadas ou mulheres no lar. Como então elas se integram à sociedade francesa? Qual a relação que estabelecem com seu país de origem? Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento. Imigrantes. Mulheres. Abstract: From data collected with elderly women of the kabyle tribe of Africa, who reside in France, this article proposes to demonstrate the ambivelance in relation to different types of spaces (villages of origen and societies of residence) and translates the hardship these women live as improverished individuals in french society. It approaches some elements to answer a typical question of migrant societies: Hypothetically, how do these elderly women think of returning to their homeland? We observed that the majority of them came to french territory motivated by the family regrouping project in France, since the 1970's. Others, on the other hand, came for economical reasons. Today these women, now widowed, single, divorced or married, who at other times had carried out a professional activity, are retired or housewives. So, how do they intergrate into french society? What's the relationship they establish with their homeland? Keywords: Aging. Imigrants. Women.

Problems of Marriage and Self Surrender in The Novels of Shashi Deshpande

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Dr. Indu Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Central Concern ◽  
Modern Age ◽  
The Family ◽  
Traditional Marriage ◽  
Shashi Deshpande ◽  
Middle Class People

Marriage is an important thing in the life of a woman. The importance that our society attaches to marriage is reflected in our literature and it is the central concern of Shashi Deshpade’s novels. In our society where girl learns early that she is ‘Paraya Dhan’, and she is her parents’ responsibility till the day she is handed over to her rightful owners. What a girl makes of her life, how she shapes herself as an individual, what profession she takes up is not as important as whom she marries. Marriage is the ultimate goal of a woman’s life. This paper attempts to probe into the problems of marriage through the protagonists of her novels where one enjoys the freedom of marriage and the other accepts the traditional marriage. Shashi Deshpade highlights the problems of marriage faced by middle-class people in finding suitable grooms for their daughters. This problem is well-illustrated through the characters of her novels. Since the girl’s mind over her childhood is tuned that she is another’s property, she tries to attach a lot of importance to it. it is indeed a tragedy that even in the modern age, Indian females echo the same sentiment where it was marriage which mattered most of them but not to the men. It is a beginning of females sacrifices in life that marriage brings to her. Shashi Deshpande encourages her female protagonists to rise in rebellion against the males in the family matters, instead she wants to build a harmonious relationship between man and woman in a mood of compromise and reconciliation.  

The Arabic Origins of English and Indo-European “Definite Articles”: A Radical Linguistic Theory Approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Zaidan Ali Jassem
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
General Level ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Definite Articles

This paper traces the Arabic origins or cognates of the “definite articles” in English and Indo-European languages from a radical linguistic (or lexical root) theory perspective. The data comprises the definite articles in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian, Latin, Greek, Macedonian, Russian, Polish, Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Persian, and Arabic. The results clearly indicate that five different types of such articles emerged in the data, all of which have true Arabic cognates with the same or similar forms and meanings, whose differences are due to natural and plausible causes and different routes of linguistic change, especially lexical, semantic, or morphological shift. Therefore, the results support the adequacy of the radical linguistic theory according to which, unlike the Family Tree Model or Comparative Method, Arabic, English, German, French, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit not only belong to the same language family, renamed Eurabian or Urban family, but also are dialects of the same language, with Arabic being their origin all because only it shares the whole cognates with them all and because it has a huge phonetic, morphological, grammatical, and lexical variety. They also manifest fundamental flaws and grave drawbacks which plague English and Indo-European lexicography for ignoring Arabic as an ultimate ancestor and progenitor not only in the treatment of the topic at hand but in all others in general. On a more general level, they also show that there is a radical language from which all human languages stemmed and which has been preserved almost intact in Arabic, thus being the most conservative and productive language

On Commutation Properties of the Composition Relation of Convergent and Divergent Permutations (Part I)

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Roman Wituła ◽  
Edyta Hetmaniok ◽  
Damian Słota
Keyword(s):  
Finite Order ◽  
Convergent Series ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Composition Relation ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract In the paper we present the selected properties of composition relation of the convergent and divergent permutations connected with commutation. We note that a permutation on ℕ is called the convergent permutation if for each convergent series ∑an of real terms, the p-rearranged series ∑ap(n) is also convergent. All the other permutations on ℕ are called the divergent permutations. We have proven, among others, that, for many permutations p on ℕ, the family of divergent permutations q on ℕ commuting with p possesses cardinality of the continuum. For example, the permutations p on ℕ having finite order possess this property. On the other hand, an example of a convergent permutation which commutes only with some convergent permutations is also presented.

Status of Family Fissidentaceae in Gujarat

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G. Shah ◽  
D.N. Mehta ◽  
R.V. Gujar
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Species ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
Vegetative Characters ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Parts

Bryophytes are the second largest group of land plants and are also known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom. 67 species of bryophytes have been reported from select locations across the state of Gujrat. The status of family fissidentaceae which is a large moss family is being presented in this paper. Globally the family consists of 10 genera but only one genus, Fissidens Hedw. has been collected from Gujarat. Fissidens is characterized by a unique leaf structure and shows the presence of three distinct lamina, the dorsal, the ventral and the vaginant lamina. A total of 8 species of Fissidens have been reported from the state based on vegetative characters as no sporophyte stages were collected earlier. Species reported from the neighboring states also showed the absence of sporophytes. The identification of different species was difficult due to substantial overlap in vegetative characters. Hence a detailed study on the diversity of members of Fissidentaceae in Gujarat was carried out between November 2013 and February 2015. In present study 8 distinct species of Fissidens have been collected from different parts of the state. Three species Fissidens splachnobryoides Broth., Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens curvato-involutus Dixon. have been identified while the other five are still to be identified. Fissidens zollingerii Mont. and Fissidens xiphoides M. Fleisch., which have been reported as distinct species are actually synonyms according to TROPICOS database. The presence of sexual reproductive structures and sporophytes for several Fissidens species are also being reported for the first time from the state.

Women-Friendly Policies being adopted by Organizations: An Innovative aspect

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shlesha Singh ◽  
Mrinalini Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Glass Ceiling ◽  
Gender Stereotype ◽  
The Other ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Workplace Barriers ◽  
Women In The Workforce ◽  
And Gender

Organizations are these days realizing the importance of women in the workforce and to tap that talent, organizations are now-a-days putting extra efforts. Workplaces were designed keeping men in mind and which has been intercepting women from continuing the competitive jobs and career along with the family responsibilities. On the other hand, there are various workplace barriers which are adding to the other problems. Women face several barriers at the workplace like sexual harassment, glass ceiling and gender stereotype.

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