Comparison of Physical Status and Systolic Blood Pressure of Female Students in Urban and Rural Areas

Introduction: The incidence of stroke is higher in rural areas. Hypertension is the leading risk factor for stroke, but the difference in systolic blood pressure (SBP) for those living in rural and urban areas is unknown. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that rural residence is associated with higher SBP levels, and this difference is modified by race, sex, and United States (US) division. Methods: We analyzed 26,113 participants enrolled in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study, recruited between 2003 and 2007. Participants were grouped based on the Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) scheme into urban, large-rural, and small-isolated rural groups. Resting SBP was measured during the initial home visit. Differences in percentiles of SBP distribution were compared using multivariate models with adjustment for age, race, sex, and US Census Bureau division. Results: Of the participants, 20,976 (80.3%) were classified as urban, 3,020 (11.6%) as large-rural, and 2,137 (8.2%) as small-isolated rural, reflecting the distribution of the population. The large-rural group had a 0.09 mmHg higher mean SBP compared to the urban group (95% CI, 0.33 to 1.52 mmHg, p = 0.0023), but the difference in SBP at the 95th percentile between these groups was 3.23 mmHg (95% CI, 1.43 to 4.73 mmHg, p = 0.0006). A similar difference was present between the small-isolated rural and urban groups at the highest percentiles. No urban-rural interaction was observed by race, sex, or US division. However, large SBP differences were present between US divisions, especially at the highest percentiles. To illustrate, SBP at the 95th percentile was 9.51 mmHg higher in the East North Central division than in the Pacific (95% CI, 6.41 to 12.61 mmHg, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Residence in a rural area is associated with higher SBP, with larger differences at the highest percentiles of distribution. SBP differences are present between US divisions, independent of urban-rural status.

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A randomized comparative study of preloading with Ringers lactate and intravenous Ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension due to propofol during induction of general anesthesia

Journal of Society of Anesthesiologists of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jsan.v3i1.14653 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Manisha Pradhan ◽

Brahma Dev Jha

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Mean Arterial Pressure ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Endotracheal Intubation ◽

Physical Status ◽

Volume Loading

Background: The ideal method to prevent hypotension due to intravenous propofol for induction of anesthesia is still debatable. The aim of the study was to compare the hemodynamic response of ephedrine and volume loading with ringer lactate in preventing the hypotension caused by propofol as inducing agent in patients scheduled for elective surgeries requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation.Methods: This was prospective randomized study conducted in 40 patients of ASA physical status I, aged 20-50 years, scheduled for elective surgeries requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Group I received intravenous ephedrine sulphate (70 mcg/kg) just before induction of anaesthesia, and patients assigned to Group II received preloading with Ringer's lactate (12 ml/kg) over the 10-15 minutes before the administration of propofol. The variables compared were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure following induction of anesthesia till 10 minutes after intubation of trachea.Results: We found that there were increase in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure after induction in both the groups but the difference between the groups was not significant. The increase in heart rate was found to be significantly higher in ephedrine group in comparison to volume loading group.Conclusion: Our study showed that both the methods used were equally effective in preventing hypotension induced by propofol in the adult ASA physical status I patients requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. However, the heart rate was significantly higher in patients receiving ephedrine in comparison to volume loading group.

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COVID-19 AND EDUCATION OF MASS COMMUNICATION:

Pakistan Journal of Women's Studies: Alam-e-Niswan ◽

10.46521/pjws.028.02.0092 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Saleem Abbas ◽

Firasat Jabeen ◽

Huma Tahir

Keyword(s):

Digital Divide ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Mass Communication ◽

Female Students ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Cultural Norms ◽

Learning Challenges ◽

Theoretical Perspectives ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Mass Communication Education

The sudden closure of educational institutions in 2020 brought multiple financial and learning challenges for Pakistani female students. In our experience, not only formal and informal learning realms of female students have been affected in the post pandemic educational landscape, but a distinct gender and digital divide (GDD) is also noticeable between technology-equipped and deprived students. Considering the theoretical perspectives of digital divide, this paper will essentially explicate the chasms existing within female students of Mass Communication in Pakistan. Given Pakistan’s conservative and patriarchal culture, it is very important to study how female students of Mass Communication, from both urban and rural areas, responded to the change after the pandemic. Through in-depth interviews of twenty female students, we argue that the COVID-19 pandemic has aggravated already existing GDD in Pakistani educational landscape. Especially the first order GDD in education can be seen frequently in Pakistani rural locations. Moreover, economic limitations and socio-cultural norms also play an essential role in exacerbating second order GDD in the Mass Communication education. Thus, in this sense, the pandemic has brought a change that is charged with exclusion and disparity. Moreover, we argue that digital divide is a gendered concept for a periphery country such as Pakistan.

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The Community Pharmacist’s Role in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Lebanon: A Longitudinal Study

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000490853 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 508-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Iqbal M. Fahs ◽

Souheil Hallit ◽

Mohamad K. Rahal ◽

Diana N. Malaeb

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Lipid Profile ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Prospective Survey ◽

Average Body Mass ◽

Ascvd Risk ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To assess the role of the pharmacist in modifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among Lebanese adults in urban and rural areas. Methods: In a prospective survey, 865 out of 1,000 participants aged ≥45 years, previously interviewed, agreed to be followed at 1 and 2 years time points. Parameters including blood pressure, lipid profile, blood glucose, average number of risk factors, and atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risk were assessed and evaluated at the beginning of the study, then after 1 and 2 years. Results: During both follow-ups, the mean average body mass index and systolic blood pressure decreased significantly and the lipid profile improved significantly. Further significant improvements in ASCVD risk occurred during the second follow-up. Monitoring parameters revealed significant improvements as well. Conclusion: This study showed that a plan that includes pharmacists, who regularly monitor and follow-up patients, could improve CVD prevention through the reduction of risk factors.

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Temporal variation in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil between 2006 and 2016

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00027819 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Nathália Paula de Souza ◽

Eduarda Ângela Pessoa Cesse ◽

Wayner Vieira de Souza ◽

Annick Fontbonne ◽

Maria Nelly Sobreira de Carvalho Barreto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Adult Population ◽

Disease Rate ◽

Northeast Brazil ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

And Control

Abstract: To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.

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Evaluation of somatotype, dietary intake and blood pressure among female students in Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia

Food Research ◽

10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 144-154

Author(s):

K. Khairil-Shazmin ◽

Siti Hajar R. ◽

Asma' A. ◽

H.M. Yusof ◽

W.M. Wan Abdul Manan

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Health Status ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Standard Procedure ◽

Female Students ◽

Human Anatomy ◽

Median Percentage ◽

Cross Sectional

Somatotypes is a description of human anatomy, which provides a quantitative overview of physics as an integral whole. Normally it was presented in a three-number rating, in which each number represents a somatotype variable. The first number represents the component of endomorphy (relative fatness), the second number represents the component of mesomorphy (muscularity) and the last number represents the component of ectomorphy (relative linearity). Multiple investigations have shown the association between somatotype with nutrition and health status. This cross-sectional study on the somatotype component, dietary intake and health status have been conducted among ninety-two female UMT students. Somatotype was calculated using the Carter and Health method. Dietary consumption was assessed using the 24-hour dietary recall technique. While blood pressure was assessed by using standard procedure. Median somatotype score of respondents was (6.39, 4.27, 1.10) indicated that respondents were in mesomorphic endomorph category. By further classifying them into dominant somatotype categories, 74% of respondents were endomorph dominant, 14% mesomorph dominant and 12% ectomorph dominant. BMI of the respondent under normal category was 47.8%, followed by obese (21.7%), overweight (18.5%) and underweight (12%). Moreover, the energy intake of respondents was 1533 kcal/day with the median percentage of total energy contributed by macronutrients was 50.26% derived from carbohydrate, 33.46% from fat and 16.71% from protein. The highest fulfilments of micronutrients were vitamin A (89.44%), but vitamin C (29.74%), calcium (42.56%) and iron (37.95%) did not exceed 50% of RNI. However, sodium intake exceeded RNI by 123.36%. Furthermore, the majority of female students have normal blood pressure with (105.53±9.97/74.65±8.55) mm Hg. The relationship between endomorphy component with systolic blood pressure was (r = 0.253, p = 0.015) and ectomorphy component with systolic blood pressure was (- 0.259, p = 0.013). However, there were no relationships between somatotype components and nutrient intake found in this study.

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Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in selected urban and rural areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh: findings from SHASTO baseline survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e038975

Author(s):

Mehedi Hasan ◽

Md Showkat Ali Khan ◽

Ipsita Sutradhar ◽

Md Mokbul Hossain ◽

Moyazzam Hossaine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Baseline Survey ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Early Screening ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Government ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveWe implemented this study to report the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among adult men and women aged >30 years residing in selected urban and rural areas of Dhaka division, Bangladesh.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo urban (Dhaka city north and Dhaka city south) and two rural (Narsinghdi and Gazipur district) areas of the Dhaka division.ParticipantsA total of 4856 male and female participants were included in the final analysis, of whom 2340 (48.2%) were from urban and 2516 (51.8%) were from rural areas.Primary outcomeHypertension was the dependent variable for this study and was operationally defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm of Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm of Hg, and/or persons with already diagnosed hypertension.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension was 31.0%, and the prevalence was higher among urban participants (urban: 36.9%, rural: 30.6%). Age (across all categories), female (urban—adjusted OR (AOR): 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.5 and rural—AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.1)), higher educational status (urban—AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.2 and rural—AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5 to 3.1), inadequate physical activity (urban—AOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.7 and rural—AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.9) and overweight/obesity (urban—AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.1 to 3.3 and rural—AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7 to 2.5) were associated with hypertension in both urban and rural areas. Women who were not currently married during the survey had higher odds of hypertension only in the rural areas (rural—AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.4), and respondents who were not working during the survey had higher odds of hypertension only in the urban areas (AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.6).ConclusionSince the prevalence of hypertension was high in urban and rural areas, the government of Bangladesh should consider implementing hypertension prevention programmes focusing young population of Dhaka division. In addition, early screening programmes and management of hypertension need to be strengthened for people with hypertension in both the areas.

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Discriminating Bangladeshi Adults by Level of Blood Pressure

Series of Medical Science ◽

10.54178/2771-0629.2020a2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 6-16

Author(s):

KC Bhuyan ◽

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Blood Pressure Level ◽

Income Group ◽

Lower Income ◽

Lower Income Group ◽

Obese Subjects ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Optimal Blood Pressure ◽

Sedentary Activities

The objective of the present work was to discriminate Bangladeshi adults of 18 years and above according to their blood pressure level and to identify some factors responsible for discrimination. Accordingly, the analysis was done utilizing the data collected from 960 adults of both urban and rural areas. The respondents were investigated by some doctors and nurses from and nearby their working places. During investigation, the blood pressure (mmHg) of the respondents were recorded. It was observed that 45.4% adults had optimal blood pressure. The percentages of normal, high normal and hypertensive adults were 39.5, 9.4 and 5.7, respectively. High normal and hypertension was more likely among urban, non-Muslim, female, single, aged, illiterate, physically inactive, involved in sedentary activities, obese subjects. Adults of lower income group of families and higher expenditure group of families were also more exposed to the problem of higher blood pressure. The problem was more likely in smokers, restaurant and can food consumers. Age, utilization of time, and accustomed with can food were the most responsible factors in discriminating the adults of different groups. The other responsible variables were gender variation, level of education and body mass index (BMI).

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Abstract P396: Hospital Management of Major Stroke Types in Urban and Rural China: Findings From a 11-Year Community-Based Studies Involving >20,000 Hospitalized Stroke Cases

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p396 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Haiqiang Qin ◽

Yiping Chen ◽

Neil Wright ◽

Pei Pei ◽

Yu Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Rural China ◽

Hospital Management ◽

Lipid Lowering ◽

Blood Pressure Lowering ◽

Pressure Lowering ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Major Stroke

Background: Little is known about the contemporary use of hospital treatments for major stroke pathological types in urban and rural areas of China. Methods: The China Kadoorie Biobank recruited >0.5 million adults (mean age 51 years, 59% women) during 2004-08 from ten (five urban, five rural) diverse areas in China. In-hospital medical records were retrieved from 20,229 participants (n=261 hospitals) hospitalised with a first-ever incident stroke over an 11-year follow-up period. Details of hospital management of stroke cases were analysed by sex, age of stroke onset, calendar year, hospital tier, region and other factors. Results: Among the 20,299 first-ever stroke cases, 17,306 (85%) had ischaemic stroke (IS; 7,123 non-lacunar, 6,690 lacunar and 3,493 silent lacunar), 2,623 (13%) had intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), and 370 (2%) had subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Among IS cases, anti-platelet treatment was used by 64% (65% non-lacunar, 66% lacunar, 56% silent lacunar), lipid-lowering by 50% (52% non-lacunar, 53% lacunar, 43% silent lacunar), blood pressure-lowering by about 42% of all IS subtypes, along with traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) by 59% (50% non-lacunar, 62% lacunar, 74% silent lacunar), with positive trends in use of these treatments by calendar year (Figure 1A), but inverse trends by hospital tier except TCM (Figure 1B). Approximately half of ICH (52.6%) or SAH (50.5%) cases received blood pressure-lowering medication, which did not vary significantly by area. A small proportion of cases with SAH had surgery to insert a coil (7.0%) or clip on aneurysm (5.7%). Interpretation: Among IS cases, use of antiplatelet, lipid-lowering and TCM increased in recent years and exceeded use of blood pressure-lowering treatment. In contrast, about half of all ICH and SAH cases used blood pressure-lowering treatments and there is significant under-use of surgery for SAH cases.

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