Temporal variation in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in urban and rural areas in Northeast Brazil between 2006 and 2016

Abstract: To assess the evolution in prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension for over 10 years in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil, two cross-sectional studies were conducted based on random samples of households in urban and rural areas, in 2006 and 2015/2016, involving adults aged 20 years or older. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of at least 140mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of at least 90mmHg as well as the reported use of antihypertensive medication. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the influence of the social, behavioral and anthropometric determinants on hypertension. Although social and behavioral factors improved in this 10-year period, overweight and abdominal obesity increased. Approximately one third of the adult population of Pernambuco had hypertension in 2006 and this prevalence was maintained in 2015/2016. In rural areas, awareness concerning hypertension rose from 44.8% in 2006 to 67.3% in 2015/2016, and control from 5.3% to 27.1%, so that awareness and control were similar in urban and rural areas in 2015/2016. After an adjustment for potential confounding factors, the likelihood of having hypertension more than doubled among men (OR = 2.03; p < 0.001), middle (OR = 4.41; p < 0.001) and old-age subjects (OR = 14.44; p < 0.001), and those who had abdominal obesity (OR = 2.04; p < 0.001) in urban areas and among middle-aged (OR = 2.56; p < 0.001), less educated individuals (OR = 2.21; p = 0.006) and those who were overweight (OR = 2.23; p < 0.001) in rural areas. Despite the favorable evolution in the management of hypertension in Pernambuco, public health measures focused in vulnerable populations are still required, mainly in rural areas, to improve primary prevention and decrease the disease rate.

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Prevalence and associated factors of hypertension in selected urban and rural areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh: findings from SHASTO baseline survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038975 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e038975

Author(s):

Mehedi Hasan ◽

Md Showkat Ali Khan ◽

Ipsita Sutradhar ◽

Md Mokbul Hossain ◽

Moyazzam Hossaine ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Baseline Survey ◽

Dhaka City ◽

Early Screening ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Government ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectiveWe implemented this study to report the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among adult men and women aged >30 years residing in selected urban and rural areas of Dhaka division, Bangladesh.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo urban (Dhaka city north and Dhaka city south) and two rural (Narsinghdi and Gazipur district) areas of the Dhaka division.ParticipantsA total of 4856 male and female participants were included in the final analysis, of whom 2340 (48.2%) were from urban and 2516 (51.8%) were from rural areas.Primary outcomeHypertension was the dependent variable for this study and was operationally defined as systolic blood pressure >140 mm of Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >90 mm of Hg, and/or persons with already diagnosed hypertension.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension was 31.0%, and the prevalence was higher among urban participants (urban: 36.9%, rural: 30.6%). Age (across all categories), female (urban—adjusted OR (AOR): 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.5 and rural—AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.4 to 2.1)), higher educational status (urban—AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.2 and rural—AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5 to 3.1), inadequate physical activity (urban—AOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.7 and rural—AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2 to 1.9) and overweight/obesity (urban—AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 2.1 to 3.3 and rural—AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.7 to 2.5) were associated with hypertension in both urban and rural areas. Women who were not currently married during the survey had higher odds of hypertension only in the rural areas (rural—AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.4), and respondents who were not working during the survey had higher odds of hypertension only in the urban areas (AOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0 to 2.6).ConclusionSince the prevalence of hypertension was high in urban and rural areas, the government of Bangladesh should consider implementing hypertension prevention programmes focusing young population of Dhaka division. In addition, early screening programmes and management of hypertension need to be strengthened for people with hypertension in both the areas.

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Differences in participation rates between urban and rural areas are diminishing in Finland

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1177/1403494817748737 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 755-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hanna Tolonen ◽

Päivikki Koponen ◽

Katja Borodulin ◽

Satu Männistö ◽

Markku Peltonen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Educational Level ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Adult Population ◽

Health Behaviours ◽

Participation Rates ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Increasing within-country migration from rural to urban areas is setting new challenges for survey organization. For example, the educational level of population in urban and rural areas differ, resulting in differences in health behaviours and health outcomes between areas. Data from the national cross-sectional surveys of the FINRISK Study conducted in Finland in 1997–2012 among the adult population were used. Women living in the capital region were more likely to be survey non-participants than women living in rural areas. The differences between rural and urban areas have diminished over time among men, but not among women. Even though participation rates between different levels of urbanizations are becoming similar, observed differences in population profiles – that is, educational level – between areas may bias survey results unless results are adequately adjusted.

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Frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and soft drinks: a comparative study among adolescents in urban and rural areas

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1809-4503201400020007eng ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 371-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Iza Cristina de Vasconcelos Martins Xavier ◽

Carla Menêses Hardman ◽

Maria Laura Siqueira de Souza Andrade ◽

Mauro Virgilio Gomes de Barros

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To compare the frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and soft drinks among adolescents living in urban and rural areas of Pernambuco State. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of high school students in Pernambuco (n = 4,207, 14 - 19 years) was conducted. Data were collected through a previously validated questionnaire. Adolescents who reported a daily consumption of soft drinks and occasional consumption of fruits, juices and vegetables were classified as exposed to inadequate standard of consumption of these foods. The independent variable was the place of residence (urban/rural). Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, χ2 test and binary logistic regression. Results: It was observed that students residing in rural areas had a higher prevalence of occasional consumption of natural fruit juices (37.6%; 95%CI 36.1 - 39.0) than those living in urban areas (32.1%; 95%CI 30.7 - 33.6). The proportion of students exposed to daily consumption of soft drinks was higher among those who reported they lived in urban areas (65.0%; 95%CI 63.5 - 66.4) compared to those who reported living in rural areas (55.3%; 95%CI 53.8 - 56.9). Conclusion: Adolescent students living in rural areas had a higher prevalence of low consumption of natural fruit juices while those residing in urban areas had a higher prevalence of daily consumption of soda drinks.

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The Differences in the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease, Its Risk Factors, and Achievement of Therapeutic Goals among Urban and Rural Primary Care Patients in Poland: Results from the LIPIDOGRAM 2015 Study

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10235656 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (23) ◽

pp. 5656

Author(s):

Krzysztof Studziński ◽

Tomasz Tomasik ◽

Adam Windak ◽

Maciej Banach ◽

Ewa Wójtowicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Primary Care ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Primary Care Patient ◽

Care Patient ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Therapeutic Goals ◽

Rural Primary Care

A nationwide cross-sectional study, LIPIDOGRAM2015, was carried out in Poland in the years 2015 and 2016. A total of 438 primary care physicians enrolled 13,724 adult patients that sought medical care in primary health care practices. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, and CVD were similar in urban and rural areas (49.5 vs. 49.4%; 13.7 vs. 13.1%; 84.2 vs. 85.2%; 14.4 vs. 14.2%, respectively). The prevalence of obesity (32.3 vs. 37.5%, p < 0.01) and excessive waist circumference (77.5 vs. 80.7%, p < 0.01), as well as abdominal obesity (p = 43.2 vs. 46.4%, p < 0.01), were higher in rural areas in both genders. Mean levels of LDL-C (128 vs. 130 mg/dL, p = 0.04) and non-HDL-C (147 vs. 148 mg/dL, p = 0.03) were slightly higher in rural populations. Altogether, 14.3% of patients with CVD from urban areas and 11.3% from rural areas reached LDL <70 mg/dL (p = 0.04). There were no important differences in the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and CVD, or in mean levels of blood pressure, cholesterol fractions, glucose, and HbA1c between Polish urban and rural primary care patient populations. A high proportion of patients in cities and an even-higher proportion in rural areas did not reach the recommended targets for blood pressure, LDL-C, and HbA1c, indicating the need for novel CVD-prevention programs.

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Nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents: associated gender, environmental and socio-economic factors

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980008002693 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1306-1317 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Hajer Aounallah-Skhiri ◽

Habiba Ben Romdhane ◽

Pierre Traissac ◽

Sabrina Eymard-Duvernay ◽

Francis Delpeuch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Cultural Tradition ◽

Cross Sectional

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutritional status of Tunisian adolescents and associated factors.DesignA cross-sectional study based on a national stratified random cluster sample.Subjects and methodsIn all, 1295 boys and 1577 girls aged 15–19 years, of whom 28·4 % had already left school. Socio-economic characteristics of the parents, anthropometric measurements, food behaviours and physical activity of the adolescents were recorded during home visits.ResultsPrevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity (WHO/National Center for Health Statistics reference) were, respectively, 8·1 %, 17·4 % and 4·1 % among boys and 1·3 %, 20·7 % and 4·4 % among girls; abdominal obesity was highly prevalent among both sexes. Prevalence of overweight differed by region (from 11·5 % to 22·2 %) and was higher in urban v. rural areas for males (21·7 % v. 10·4 %) but not for females (21·7 % v. 19·2 %). These differences were partially mediated by socio-economic and lifestyle factors for males. For females, influence of cultural factors is hypothesised. In rural areas, overweight was more prevalent among boys of higher economic level households, having a working mother or a sedentary lifestyle; for girls, prevalence increased with the level of education of the mother. In urban areas, prevalence of overweight was related to eating habits: it was higher for boys with irregular snacking habits and for girls skipping daily meals. Urban girls having left school were also more overweight.ConclusionOverweight and abdominal obesity in late adolescence have become a true public health problem in Tunisia with the combined effects of cultural tradition for girls in rural areas, and of rapid economic development for boys and girls in cities.

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Diabetes Burden in Urban and Rural Senegalese Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2012

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2015/163641 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. M. Seck ◽

D. G. Dia ◽

D. Doupa ◽

A. Diop-Dia ◽

I. Thiam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Biological Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

History Of

Diabetes represents a challenging global health issue in the 21st century. Data from sub-Saharan African populations are scarce and are usually restricted to urban settings. The objective of this study was to compare prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in rural and urban areas in Senegal.Methods.In a community-based survey between January and May 2012, we included 1027 adults aged≥18 years living in northern Senegal. Sociodemographic, clinical, and biological data were collected during household visits. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diabetes.Results.Mean age of participants was48.0±16.9years and 65.7% were female. Participants from urban area represented 55.7%. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 7.6% (6.0% in men versus 9.0% in women). Prevalence of diabetes was higher in urban areas (8.1%) compared to rural areas (4.6%). Disease awareness rate was 43%. After multivariate analysis, age (OR = 1.63,p=0.001), familial history of diabetes (OR = 1.42,p=0.001), and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.17,p=0.05) were associated with diabetes.Conclusion.Diabetes is frequent in urban and rural areas in Senegal. Awareness rate is very low among populations. Age, family history of diabetes, and abdominal obesity are the main risk factors identified.

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The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018001167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 2394-2401 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽

Anne McMunn ◽

Paola Zaninotto ◽

Eric J Brunner

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Education Level ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

Lower Education ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico.DesignCross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016. Effect modification of the education–obesity association by household wealth was tested.SettingMexico.SubjectsWomen (n 54 816) and men (n 20 589) aged 20–49 years.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the association between education and obesity in women varied by level of household wealth in the earlier surveys (1988, 1999 and 2006; interaction P<0·001). In urban areas in 1988, one level lower education was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with 45 % higher obesity prevalence among the richest women (1·45; 1·24, 1·69), whereas among the poorest the same education difference was protective (0·84; 0·72, 0·99). In the latest surveys (2012, 2016), higher education was protective across all wealth groups. Among men, education level was not associated with obesity in urban areas; there was a direct association in rural areas. Wealth did not modify the association between education and obesity.ConclusionThe reversal of the educational gradient in obesity among women occurred once a threshold level of household wealth was reached. Among men, there was no evidence of a reversal of the gradient. Policies must not lose sight of the populations most vulnerable to the obesogenic environment.

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Hypertension among Young Adults in the Shopping Malls of Kathmandu

Nepalese Heart Journal ◽

10.3126/njh.v9i1.8346 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 33-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S Shakya ◽

M Timilsina ◽

K Timilsina ◽

M Lamsal ◽

S Dhakal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Shopping Malls ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health Challenge ◽

Study Population ◽

Public Health Challenge ◽

And Control

Background Hypertension is a major public health challenge in the world. Developing countries share the major burden of it. Unlike thought before, hypertension is increasing among poor, young and women. Methods It was a cross sectional study carried out in The Hypertension Screening and Awareness Program conducted in the shopping malls at the heart of Kathmandu on the occasion of World Hypertension Day 2012 by Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center, Kathmandu. The blood pressure was measured according to World Heart Organization’s guideline by registered nurses. There were total 486 participants with the mean age of 29.51±10.77years. Majority of the participants were male (67.1%). Most of the participants were less or equal to 40 years (84.6%). Mean systolic blood pressure was 112.3±14.69mmHg and mean diastolic blood pressure was 75.09±11.89 mmHg. Average mean blood pressure was 87.41±12.28mmHg in the study population. Results Despite majority of participants were at young age, prevalence of hypertension was 23.7%, pre-hypertension was 30% and 46.3% had ideal blood pressure according to JNC-7 Classification. Prevalence of hypertension was higher among male (30.39% vs. 10%). Almost two third of the hypertensive subjects were less or equal to 40 years (64.35%). Awareness, treatment and control of hypertension were 39.13%, 18.26% and 7.38% respectively. Conclusion In conclusion, Hypertension is an emerging public health challenge in urban areas of Nepal. Most importantly, it may be increasing among young population. Moreover, awareness, treatment and control rates are not satisfactory. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njh.v9i1.8346 Nepalese Heart Journal Vol.9(1) 2012 pp.33-36

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A comparison of breast feeding practices among urban and rural areas of Rangareddy district of Telangana

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172190 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 2136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Vijay Kumar ◽

Indranil Acharya ◽

Jayanti P. Acharya ◽

Puligila Raj Shravani ◽

Sabbineni Ramya

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Young Infants ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 800 mothers from urban and rural areas of Rangareddy District. A pre designed pre tested questionnaire was used to interview the mothers. Questionnaire contained questions related to demographic factors and breast feeding practices. Institutional Ethical clearance was taken. Results: The overall prevalence of exclusive breast feeding was 65%, being comparatively more in rural area (68%) which was statistically significant. Colostrum was discarded by 15% mothers in urban and 9% in rural area. Breast feeding was initiated within 1 hour in 184 (46%) in urban area and in 148 (37%) in rural area. Conclusions: Though mothers from rural area had certain favorable breast feeding practices such as demand feeding, colostrum being given but still various inappropriate practices were prevalent in both rural and urban areas.

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Awareness about harmful effects of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Shamirpet mandal, Hyderabad

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185244 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 208

Author(s):

M. Pavani Varma ◽

K. S. V. Prasad

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Early Stage ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Local Setting ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Harmful Effects

Background: Tobacco smoking is habit which usually begins in the adolescent age. It is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases and mortality can be prevented if smoking is quit.Methods: It is a cross sectional study.2 schools were randomly selected from urban and rural areas in field practice area of Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences. A GYTS questionnaire is modified to local setting and administered to the students.Results: A total of 367 students were enrolled. The level of awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption was good. It was 98.85% in urban areas and 94.84% in rural areas.Conclusions: As adolescent is the age of habit forming identification of the problem and correcting it at early stage itself will be beneficial for individuals, family and society.

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