Managing Transformation of Rural India through Rural Non-Farm Economy

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Skilled Manpower

Over the last three decades, economy has undergone a structural transformation as the share of rural non-farm sector (RNFS) is increasing in a country like India where 68% of people live in rural areas contributing 56% of Indias income, 64% of expenditure, and 33% of savings. A significant proportion of salaried (39%) and non-agricultural self-employed households (46%) are located in rural areas. RNFS also provides forward and backward linkage to the urban economy by way of supplying agricultural produces, food, vegetables, dairy products and semi-skilled & skilled manpower. Despite various policies, programmes, schemes, and strategies for rural development since the initiation of planned approach in 1951, rural India is still deprived of the socio-economic well-being as revealed by the latest Social, Economic and Caste Census, 2011 (SECC) and other studies. The factors responsible for the growth of Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) are, lower productivity of farms, sluggish growth rate of agriculture, shrinking farm size, increasing cultivation cost, rapid pace of urbanization, squeezing boundaries of rural-urban divide, increased wage rates in non-farm sector, accelerated pace of rural non-farm employment, and spiraling share of non-farm GDP. The present paper is a review paper attempting to examine and analyze the present status of Rural Non-Farm Economy (RNFE) and propose the strategies for managing this transformation for achieving rural inclusive development.

Status, Impact, and Factor Determining Rural Non-farm Economy of India: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Income Inequalities ◽  
Review Study ◽  
The Impact

The rural non-farm sector (RNFS) involves a spectrum of economic activity in rural areas and encompasses all rural productive entities other than farm holdings. It has the potential to play a pivotal role in holistic and inclusive development of India’s rural areas by increasing the employment and wages of rural labour, which can reduce income inequalities. The review was carried out in order to explain the present status of RNFE state wise as well as overall to get a comprehensive view on the topic. The review study also focuses to disaggregate RNFE on the basis of gender, size of landholding and castes. Literature depicting the impact of RNFE on rural livelihoods especially in employment and poverty and factors determining it also been compiled to get an overall idea on the study.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with the Variation in Hourly Wage Rates Among a Sample of Low Wage Workers in Rural Delaware

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Richard Bieker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Farm Families ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Labor Earnings ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Male Head ◽  
Economic Well Being

Many persons in rural areas in the U.S. are dependent largely on labor earnings for their economic well-being. Seventy-five percent of the 14.8 million rural nonfarm persons and fifty-two percent of the rural farm persons 16 years old and over who were employed in 1969 were employed as wage and salary workers. Of the 1.6 million rural nonfarm families with incomes less than the poverty level in 1969, 51 percent had male heads less than 65 years of age, and 71 percent of these male heads were in the labor force in 1969. Sixty-seven percent of the 442,000 rural farm families with incomes less than the poverty level had a male head less than 65 years old and 81 percent of these male heads were in the labor force in 1969.

scholarly journals Classroom Temperature and Learner Absenteeism in Public Primary Schools in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10700
Author(s):  
Vicky Pule ◽  
Angela Mathee ◽  
Paula Melariri ◽  
Thandi Kapwata ◽  
Nada Abdelatif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Apparent Temperature ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Classroom Characteristics ◽  
Learning Imperative

Children spend a significant proportion of their time at school and in school buildings. A healthy learning environment that supports children should be thermally conducive for learning and working. Here, we aimed to study the relations between indoor classroom temperatures and learner absenteeism as a proxy for children’s health and well-being. This one-year prospective study that spanned two calendar years (from June 2017 to May 2018) entailed measurement of indoor classroom temperature and relative humidity, calculated as apparent temperature (Tapp) and collection of daily absenteeism records for each classroom in schools in and around King Williams Town, Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Classroom characteristics were collected using a standardized observation checklist. Mean indoor classroom temperature ranged from 11 to 30 °C, while mean outdoor temperature ranged from 6 °C to 31 °C during the sample period. Indoor classroom temperatures typically exceeded outdoor temperatures by 5 °C for 90% of the study period. While multiple factors may influence absenteeism, we found absenteeism was highest at low indoor classroom Tapp (i.e., below 15 °C). Absenteeism decreased as indoor Tapp increased to about 25 °C before showing another increase in absenteeism. Classroom characteristics differed among schools. Analyses of indoor classroom temperature and absenteeism in relation to classroom characteristics showed few statistically significant relations—although not exceptionally strong ones—likely because of the multiple factors that influence absenteeism. However, given the possible relationship between indoor temperature and absenteeism, there is a learning imperative to consider thermal comfort as a fundamental element of school planning and design. Furthermore, additional research on factors besides temperature that affect learner absenteeism is needed, especially in rural areas.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of research and formation of consumption and savings of the rural population

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
Halyna MAKEDON
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Investment Resource ◽  
High Level

The article considers the features of research and collection of statistical and analytical information on the total expenditures of households, in particular the level of their consumption and savings. It has been stated that households have not been given due attention in the economic sphere for a long time, although they are integral subjects of the economic system. This still affects the quality of the information received and, accordingly, the conclusions and recommendations. Emphasis is placed on sufficient periodicity, the existence of alternative surveys, in addition to the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. At that time, attention was paid to a significant proportion of inaccuracies, as households are not responsible for the inaccurate data provided. One of the psychological reasons is the unwillingness to show the true amount of income, because you have to pay taxes. And the culture of a bona fide taxpayer in the majority of the population is not yet fully formed. The Strategy for the Development of the Financial Sector of Ukraine until 2025 is considered. Improving the financial literacy of the population is one of the priority tasks of business and education. In order to rationalize their expenses, household members must have information about their structure. An approximate scheme for improving the financing of rural areas is given. It is emphasized that rural households have a high level of savings and these resources can become a powerful investment resource for regional development. The share in financing the cooperative (basic economy) can also be borne by the local population. This is an opportunity to receive income from their savings and improve the economic and social condition of their own locality. Ways of activating investment activity of the rural population are given. Only by learning to build their consumer spending wisely will households be able to increase some of their savings, thus ensuring their well-being, which is part of the stability of Ukraine's financial and economic system as a whole.

SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD THROUGH SKILL DEVELOPMENT AMONG RURAL YOUTH: ROLE OF MICRO-FINANCE IN THE DEVELOPMENTAL PARADIGM

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-173
Author(s):  
Vikram Singh
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Societal Structure ◽  
Policy Shifts

This  article  attempts to  analyse  the  process  of  sustainable  livelihood  through skill development and its conceptual and theoretical understanding in India with reference to rural youth. In India skill development is demanded for economic growth and inclusive development; hence the rural population cannot be overlooked. Employable skills alone have not been able to generate sufficient employment among rural youth or address/promote well-being and sustainable livelihood. Various frameworks associated with skill development leave scope for reforms to strengthen the implementation of various policy shifts in respect of rural development and government/non-government organisations. The process of skill development for rural youth through the establishment of institutions, launch of policy/programmes and their linkages with micro-finance are considered, as the distinctive nature and features of micro-finance in relation to the forces of societal structure, social relationships, and social interactions leading towards collective interests and norms that shape the lives of rural youth. Lastly, analysis is done and conclusions drawn on the basis of discussion.

Human potential in the system of social and economic development: problems and prospects of Vinnytsia region

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Olesya Tomchuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Social And Economic Development

The article highlights the problems and prospects of human development, which is the basis for the long-term strategies of social and economic growth of different countries and regions at the present stage. Submitting strategies of this type provides an opportunity to focus on individual empowerment and to build a favorable environment for effective management decisions in the field of forming, maintaining, and restoring human potential. The analysis of the Vinnytsia region human potential dynamics in the regional system of social and economic development factors was carried out. Application of generalized assessment of the regional human development index components allowed the identification of the main trends that characterize the formation of human potential of the territory, including the reproduction of the population, social environment, comfort and quality of life, well-being, decent work, and education. The article emphasizes that despite some positive changes in the social and economic situation of the region and in assessing the parameters of its human development level relative to other regions of Ukraine, Vinnytsia region is now losing its human potential due to negative demographic situation and migration to other regions and countries. The main reason for such dynamics is proven to be related to the outdated structure of the region's economy, the predominance of the agricultural sector, the lack of progressive transformations in the development of high-tech fields of the economy. An important factor is the low level of urbanization of the region, which leads to the spread of less attractive working conditions and less comfortable living conditions. The key factors that cause the growth of urbanization in the region have been identified, including the significant positive impact of the transport and social infrastructure expansion, the lack of which in rural areas leads to a decrease in the level and comfort of life. Without progressive structural changes in the economy and the resettlement system, the loss of human potential will continue.

The Nexus Between Seniors' Tourism Expenditure and Well-Being in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-174
Author(s):  
Renuka Mahadevan ◽  
Vanessa Sha Fan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Tourism Demand ◽  
Leisure Travel ◽  
Policy Strategy ◽  
Tourism Expenditure

An examination of the two-way relationship between tourism expenditure and life satisfaction for seniors is undertaken in this article. This examination uses panel data on China's seniors and tracks the same seniors over 3 years. Results show that there is bidirectional causality between tourism expenditure and life satisfaction, casting doubt on previous studies that do not consider this two-way relationship. This empirical relationship highlights the importance of a two-pronged policy strategy— a government policy committed to social tourism programs for seniors who may not be able to afford travel and those who reside in rural areas. Another government strategy is to address aged concerns related to mobility and health to improve well-being and the provision of appropriate facilities for leisure travel. Senior tourism demand was found to be income inelastic and this result means that senior tourism can buffer Chinese economic growth in times of economic crisis and uncertainty, making the twin policy strategy a worthwhile consideration.

Promotion of Sustainable Livelihood through Skill Development Among Rural Youth - Role of Micro-Finance in Developmental Paradigm

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Singh
Keyword(s):  
Skill Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Inclusive Development ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Development Paradigm

The present paper attempts to analyze the process of sustainable livelihood through skill development and its conceptual and theoretical understanding in India with reference to rural youth. In India skill development is demanded for economic growth and inclusive development, hence rural population cannot be overlooked. It also tries to highlight that employable skills alone have not been able to sufficiently generate employment among rural youth despite it wont address/promote the well-being process and sustainable livelihood. It is also based on the assumption that various frameworks associated with skill development leave scope for reforms as the gaps prevails that weaken implementation addressed by various policy shift in rural development paradigm and government/non-government organizations. The paper also aspires to look into the process of skill development towards rural youth through establishments of institutions, launch of policy/programmes and their linkages with micro-finance. It also look into the distinctive nature/features of micro-finance against the dominant forces of societal structure, social relationships, social interactions leading towards collective interests and norms that shape the quality and quantity of lives of individuals. Lastly analysis and conclusion have been made on the basis of discussion.

Empowerment of Rural Women through SHGs: A Study in Telangana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Group Approach ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
The Family ◽  
Self Help Group

The self-help group (SHG) is a powerful instrument to empower economically backward women of rural India as the women members under the SHG not only can earn income but they feel empowered also. With the launching of Swarnajaynti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) by the Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India from April 1999, subsequently rechristened as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana–National Rural Livelihood Mission (DAY-NRLM) self-help group approach (SHG) has been given utmost importance in India for the development of rural women mainly focusing on below poverty line households. SHG concept is popular in many rural areas of India as through economic development and subsequently empowering, rural women have got a solid platform. This research article has discussed the how rural women after forming SHGs in Ranga Reddy district (R.R. District) of Telangana were not only earning and contributing to the family but felt empowered also. The study was carried out at Gandipet village of Gandipet Mandal, Ranga Reddy (R.R.) district in September 2017. The some women members of 10 different SHGs were contacted and few individual cases are presented here.

The impact of algorithmic decision-making processes on young people’s well-being (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira Perez Vallejos ◽  
Liz Dowthwaite ◽  
Helen Creswich ◽  
Virginia Portillo ◽  
Ansgar Koene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Online Platforms ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Algorithms rule the online environments and are essential for performing data processing, filtering, personalisation and other tasks. Research has shown that children and young people make up a significant proportion of Internet users, however little attention has been given to their experiences of algorithmically-mediated online platforms, or the impact of them on their mental health and well-being. The algorithms that govern online platforms are often obfuscated by a lack of transparency in their online Terms and Conditions and user agreements. This lack of transparency speaks to the need for protecting the most vulnerable users from potential online harms. OBJECTIVE To capture young people's experiences when being online and perceived impact on their well-being. METHODS In this paper, we draw on qualitative and quantitative data from a total of 260 children and young people who took part in a ‘Youth Jury’ to bring their opinions to the forefront, elicit discussion of their experiences of using online platforms, and perceived psychosocial impact on users. RESULTS The results of the study revealed the young people’s positive as well as negative experiences of using online platforms. Benefits such as being convenient and providing entertainment and personalised search results were identified. However, the data also reveals participants’ concerns for their privacy, safety and trust when online, which can have a significant impact on their well-being. CONCLUSIONS We conclude by making recommendations that online platforms acknowledge and enact on their responsibility to protect the privacy of their young users, recognising the significant developmental milestones that this group experience during these early years, and the impact that technology may have on them. We argue that governments need to incorporate policies that require technologists and others to embed the safeguarding of users’ well-being within the core of the design of Internet products and services to improve the user experiences and psychological well-being of all, but especially those of children and young people. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

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