Age and Social Composition Factors as Explanations for Cleavages in Socio-Political Values

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-303
Author(s):  
Kent L. Tedin
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Political Values ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Model ◽  
Composition Factors

While age group differences on social and political values have been frequently documented in survey data, it is often claimed that these differences are due to social composition factors rather than to age itself. In this analysis we test for the effects of age vs. social composition in explaining variation in four attitudinal dependent variables. Using a sample especially drawn to study generational differences, and employing a multivariate statistical model, it was found that age differences were only modestly reduced by social composition variables. It is concluded that nonartifactual age group differences do exist on the dependent variables.

scholarly journals Age Differences in the Variance of Personality Characteristics

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Mõttus ◽  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Martina Hřebíčková ◽  
Liisi Kööts–Ausmees ◽  
Anu Realo
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Model Domain

In contrast to mean–level comparisons, age group differences in personality trait variance have received only passing research interest. This may seem surprising because individual differences in personality characteristics are exactly what most of personality psychology is about. Because different proposed mechanisms of personality development may entail either increases or decreases in variance over time, the current study is exploratory in nature. Age differences in variance were tested by comparing the standard deviations of the five–factor model domain and facet scales across two age groups (20 to 30 years old versus 50 to 60 years old). Samples from three cultures (Estonia, the Czech Republic and Russia) were employed, and two methods (self–reports and informant–reports) were used. The results showed modest convergence across samples and methods. Age group differences were significant for 11 of 150 facet–level comparisons but never consistently for the same facets. No significant age group differences were observed for the five–factor model domain variance. Therefore, there is little evidence for individual differences in personality characteristics being systematically smaller or larger in older as opposed to younger people. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding personality development. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology

The Influence of Age and Experience on the Performance of a Data Entry Task

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara J. Czaja ◽  
Joseph Sharit
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Data Entry ◽  
Age Effects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Task Experience ◽  
Over Time

Findings from research examining age and computer task performance indicate that older people perform less well than younger people on these types of tasks. The present study examined whether age-related performance differences are maintained with task experience. To address this issue one hundred and ten subjects, ranging in age from 20—75 yrs., performed a data entry task over a three day period. The task represented a simulation of a real world job. The data indicated significant age differences in work output (amount of data entered). Further, although there were significant improvements in performance with increased task experience across subjects, age group differences were maintained over time. With respect to errors there were no age effects and there was a significant reduction in errors across the three days. However, the pattern of change varied across age groups. These results are consistent with other studies which suggest that experience does not compensate for age effects for tasks which emphasize speed of processing.

Age-group differences in Near Field Communication smartphone

2014 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Lee Teh ◽  
Pervaiz K. Ahmed ◽  
Soon-Nyean Cheong ◽  
Wen-Jiun Yap
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Design Science ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Behavioural Intention ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Near Field Communication ◽  
Intention To Use ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper are twofold: first, develop a novel concept of a mobiquitous home application (Near Field Communication Smartphone Entertainment Systems (NFC SES)) with the use of photo interface and NFC smartphone. Second, examine age-group differences in relation to the influence of intuitive, convenience and perceived usefulness on users’ behavioural intention to use NFC SES. Design/methodology/approach – Using design science research, NFC SES is developed and a survey of 52 users is conducted to evaluate NFC SES. Findings – There are age differences in individual behavioural intention to use NFC technology. Convenience appears to be the primary factor for the youths. The adult cohort, in contrast emphasizes intuitive and perceived usefulness as two significant determinants of their behavioural intention to use NFC SES. Practical implications – This study offers a fresh insight for mobile device manufacturer and application developers to focus their design efforts around three aspects (intuitive, convenience and usefulness) that are desired by different age-group users. Social implications – The development of NFC SES bridges the gap of cyber-physical spaces by enabling users to automate multiple heterogeneous digital appliances without imposing undue technological effort and inconvenience. NFC SES, operating through a touch-driven interaction between NFC smartphone and photo interface, is likely to be useful for many home users, especially for people with disabilities. Originality/value – NFC SES contributes in itself as a novel innovation. Additionally, studies on mobile technology largely focus on students as users, and often neglect the adult segment. This study entails a new model for evaluation of NFC technology, by uncovering age differences impacts on new technology adoption.

scholarly journals Adult Age Differences in Knowledge of Retrieval Processes

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda J. Anooshian ◽  
Susan L. Mammarella ◽  
Paula T. Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Feeling Of Knowing ◽  
Retrieval Processes ◽  
Monitoring Accuracy ◽  
Retrieval Monitoring

We assessed knowledge of retrieval processes in young (25–35 years) and old adults (70–85 years). Both feeling-of-knowing judgments and retrieval monitoring were examined with a set of questions about recent news events. For answers that participants initially failed to recall, they rated their feeling-of-knowing as well as made predictions regarding the likelihood of recalling the answer with the aid of a specified type of retrieval cue (retrieval monitoring). Accuracy was evaluated in the context of later recall or recognition performance. We found age group differences in the accuracy of retrieval monitoring, free recall, and recall aided by phonological cues. Using a separate inventory, we found no evidence for age group differences in participants' knowledge of general retrieval principles.

Determining the Most Significant Parametric Function for a Given Linear Multivariate Hypothesis

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gary Lutz ◽  
Leigh A. Cundari
Keyword(s):  
General Solution ◽  
Linear Combination ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Parametric Function ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Global Test ◽  
Simultaneous Test ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Model

After a hypothesis about some linear multivariate statistical model has been tested and rejected (e.g., in a MANOVA), many researchers employ simultaneous test procedures to locate the source(s) of the rejection. If the global test was conducted using Roy’s largest root criterion, then this procedure guarantees at least one linear combination of the model parameters relative to some linear combination of the dependent variables that is significantly different from its hypothesized value. This most significant parametric function is not always easy to find, however, because it may not manifest itself in simple or “obvious” functions. A general solution to this problem is presented along with a practical example of its application.

Preschoolers’ imitation of sentential complement sentences: Does the nature of the matrix clause matter?

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372110242
Author(s):  
Ian Morton ◽  
C. Melanie Schuele
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Developmental Progression ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Sentence Imitation ◽  
Experimental Findings

Preschoolers’ earliest productions of sentential complement sentences have matrix clauses that are limited in form. Diessel proposed that matrix clauses in these early productions are propositionally empty fixed phrases that lack semantic and syntactic integration with the clausal complement. By 4 years of age, however, preschoolers produce sentential complement sentences with matrix clauses that are more varied. Diessel proposed that the matrix clauses in these later productions semantically and syntactically embed the complement clause. We refer to these matrix clauses as formulaic and true, respectively. Diessel’s hypothesis about the development of sentential complement sentences was based on an analysis of spontaneous language. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Diessel’s hypothesis with an experimental sentence imitation task wherein stimuli varied in the nature of the matrix clause. Thirty children with typical language development participated; 10 children in each age group (3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds) imitated 50 sentential complement sentences that included either a true or a formulaic matrix clause; the structure of the dependent clauses did not vary. Dependent variables were percent sentence imitation and percent matrix clause imitation. There was a significant main effect for matrix clause type on imitation of sentences and matrix clauses. There was also a significant main effect for age on imitation of sentences and matrix clauses. Significant matrix clause type-by-age interactions were such that percent sentence imitation and percent matrix clause imitation varied by age. Three- and 4-year-olds were less proficient than 5-year-olds on imitation of sentences with true matrix clauses and on imitations of true matrix clauses. Only 3- and 4-year-olds were less proficient imitating true matrix clauses than formulaic matrix clauses. Experimental findings support Diessel’s hypothesis that there is a developmental progression in the nature of preschoolers’ production of sentential complement sentences.

A Developmental Exploration of Friendship Functions in Women

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Gibbs Candy ◽  
Lillian E. Troll ◽  
Sheldon G. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Best Friends

Interpersonal attachments in adulthood were explored through the investigation of the friendship functions in 172 women from 14 through 80. A priori functions were rated by the respondents on a Likert-Scale for their five best friends. Factor analyses revealed three orthogonal factors which characterized friendship for all age groups, “intimacy-assistance,” “status,” and “power.” One way analyses of variance (function by age groups) found no significant age differences between age groups for the function of “intimacy-assistance.” Significant differences for the functions of “status” and “power” were, however, apparent. Women from adolescence through the fifties rated their friends as decreasingly less important for “status” purposes, while women sixty and over rated this function very highly. “Power” decreased with increasing age through the fifties. There was a slight nonsignificant increase in the 60+ age group. These findings are discussed in relation to cognitive changes and developmental issues within various life-stages.

scholarly journals A Biomechanical Re-Examination of Physical Activity Measurement with Accelerometers

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonatan Fridolfsson ◽  
Mats Börjesson ◽  
Daniel Arvidsson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Band Pass Filter ◽  
Accelerometer Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Frequency Filtering ◽  
Frequency Filter ◽  
Step Frequency ◽  
Activity Intensity

ActiGraph is the most common accelerometer in physical activity research, but it has measurement errors due to restrictive frequency filtering. This study investigated biomechanically how different frequency filtering of accelerometer data affects assessment of activity intensity and age-group differences when measuring physical activity. Data from accelerometer at the hip and motion capture system was recorded during treadmill walking and running from 30 subjects in three different age groups: 10, 15, and >20 years old. Acceleration data was processed to ActiGraph counts with original band-pass filter at 1.66 Hz, to counts with wider filter at either 4 or 10 Hz, and to unfiltered acceleration according to “Euclidian norm minus one” (ENMO). Internal and external power, step frequency, and vertical displacement of center of mass (VD) were estimated from the motion capture data. Widening the frequency filter improved the relationship between higher locomotion speed and counts. It also removed age-group differences and decreased within-group variation. While ActiGraph counts were almost exclusively explained by VD, the counts from the 10 Hz filter were explained by VD and step frequency to an equal degree. In conclusion, a wider frequency filter improves assessment of physical activity intensity by more accurately capturing individual gait patterns.

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