scholarly journals Mah Sharaf Khanoum Ardalani (Mastura Kurdistani), historian and author(1805- 1847); her life and her epoch

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aram Ali Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Strong Convergence ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

Mahsharaf - Khanom became an educated and conscious person thanks to the education she received from her family and also a position that her parents and grandparents had on both sides of the parents. In Ardalan and its capital, Sanandaj, as a center for the development of culture and education, Islamic and historical, in addition to a strong base, a large group of historians and intellectuals was found that significantly influenced Mahsharaf-Khanom's thought and consciousness. Mahashraf-Khanom, by recognition of many the researchers , was the only female historian in the Middle East in the 19th century. She was the only woman in the period who, along with the author of poems, practiced Islamic studies with great ability and had writings and compositions. In the beginning of the 19th century, the Iranian authorities, in particular, influenced the Ardalanian Kurds and changed their Sunni sect to Shia al-Jaafari. When they felt resistance, they imposed their authority and took control of the government directly in the emirate. They briefly removed it from existence. The Emirate of Ardalan, as part of the South - East Kurdistan, in addition to it was formed in areas, which later became under the control of the Emirate of Baban for more than two centuries, and became the source of disputes and conflicts between them and it came to the occupation of the land and cities, but despite the oppression of the Occupiers of Kurdistan, especially at the end of the 18-th century and the beginning of the 19-th century, there was a strong convergence and diverse integration among the population of the both Emirates and even the ruling class. Finally, when the dyanasty of Ardalan went to fall, Mahsharaf-Khanom and a few thousand Ardalanis moved to the capital of the Emirate of Baban, where they were received with great hospitality.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

scholarly journals BANDAR SUKABUMI IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 19TH CENTURY: THE ROLE OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER-CITY IN KOTAWARINGIN REGION, SOUTHWESTERN KALIMANTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-136
Author(s):  
Moh Ali Fadillah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
River City ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects

Kotawaringin is the name of a small kingdom founded in the first half of the 17th century, centered in Kotawaringin Lama on the upper reaches of Sungai Lamandau, in southwestern Kalimantan. In the early 19th century the royal capital was moved to Pangkalan Bun. The shift of the capital city is an important factor in the history of human geography as a cause of changes in demography and urbanization. This research aimed to find clarity about the agglomeration of river cities in terms of symbolic and pragmatic aspects. Such aspects include the origin, existence, reasons for shifting capital and the type of culture that underlies the function of Kotawaringin as a center of government and trade that grew during the early colonial period. The research used methods which were carried out by observing sites indicated as capitals and ports, combining it with studies of historical sources, as well as collecting physical evidence, including a number of symbolic objects associated with royal legitimacy. Results of contextual analysis provide a set of knowledge about the growth of river city as the implementation of the spatial planning policy of the government and the support of urban communities rooted in Malay culture. The Kingdom of Kotawaringin reached a peak of progress during the reign of Prince Ratu Imanuddin, after the capital was moved to Pangkalan Bun from Kotawaringin Lama. The location of the new capital is on the lower reaches of the Sungai Lamandau, precisely on the banks of the Sungai Arut, which was formerly called Bandar Sukabumi. Kotawaringin adalah nama sebuah kerajaan kecil yang didirikan pada paruh pertama abad ke-17 Masehi, berpusat di Kotawaringin Lama di kawasan hulu Sungai Lamandau, di barat daya Kalimantan. Pada awal abad ke-19 Masehi, ibukota kerajaan dipindahkan ke Pangkalan Bun. Pergeseran ibukota merupakan faktor penting dalam sejarah geografi manusia sebagai penyebab perubahan demografi dan urbanisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejelasan tentang aglomerasi kota sungai ditinjau dari aspek simbolik dan pragmatis. Aspek-aspek tersebut mencakup asal usul, keberadaan, alasan perpindahan ibukota dan jenis budaya yang mendasari fungsi Kotawaringin sebagai pusat pemerintahan dan perdagangan yang tumbuh pada masa kolonial awal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yang dilakukan dengan mengamati situs-situs yang diindikasikan sebagai ibukota dan pelabuhan, memadukannya dengan studi sumber-sumber sejarah, serta mengumpulkan bukti-bukti fisik, termasuk sejumlah benda simbolis yang terkait dengan legitimasi kerajaan. Hasil analisis kontekstual memberikan seperangkat pengetahuan tentang pertumbuhan kota sungai sebagai implementasi kebijakan perencanaan tata ruang pemerintah, dan dukungan masyarakat kota yang berakar pada budaya Melayu. Kerajaan Kotawaringin mencapai puncak kemajuan pada masa pemerintahan Pangeran Ratu Imanuddin, setelah ibu kota dipindahkan ke Pangkalan Bun dari Kotawaringin Lama. Lokasi ibu kota baru berada di bagian hilir Sungai Lamandau, tepatnya di tepi Sungai Arut yang dahulu dinamai Bandar Sukabumi.

scholarly journals The New Role of Ulama in Nigeria: Focus on the Post 1999 Democratic Dispensation

2014 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Mukhtar Umar Bunza
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Nigeria is a country with a centuries’ long tradition of Islamic revivalism and activism. It was the impact of the activities of the 17th century scholars of Nigeria that culminated in the success of the 19th century tajdeed movement that brought about the emergence of the muslim caliphate of Sokoto. British imperialism brought an end to the caliphate in the beginning of the 20th century, the circumstances of which have been consistently challenged mainly by the ulama and their followers ever since. Some contemporary scholars such as Shaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, former Grand Qadi of Northern Nigeria, contributed significantly in the new dimension to the roles of muslim scholars in the government. Since 1999 muslim scholars have taken on new roles in the administration of states, serving as commissioners for newly established ministries for Religious Affairs, as special advisers, or directors of commissions like Hisbah, Hajj, Masjid, Moon Sighting, and other related government bodies, with full salaries and other benefits unlike ever before in the Nigerian system. This new role of ulama and its impacts in the governance of the contemporary Nigeria is what this paper intends to investigate and expound.[Nigeria merupakan sebuah negara dengan tradisi revivalisme dan aktivisme Islam selama berabad-abad. Hal itu terkait dengan upaya para ulama Nigeria abad ke-17 yang berpuncak pada keberhasilan gerakan tajdid pada abad 19 dengan munculnya kekhalifahan muslim dari Sokoto. Imperialisme Inggris mengakhiri kekhalifahan ini pada awal abad ke-20, yang terus dilawan oleh terutama para ulama secara konsisten. Beberapa ulama kontemporer seperti Syaikh Abubakar Mahmud Gummi, mantan Grand Qadi Nigeria Utara, memberikan kontribusi signifikan dalam membentuk dimensi baru peran ulama dalam pemerintahan Nigeria modern. Sejak tahun 1999 para ulama telah mengambil peran baru dalam pemerintahan, sebagai pegawai Kementerian Agama yang baru didirikan, sebagai penasihat ahli, atau direktur komisi seperti Hisbah, Haji, Masjid, Rukyah Hilal, dan badan-badan pemerintah terkait lainnya, dengan gaji penuh. Peran baru dari ulama dan pengaruhnya dalam pemerintahan Nigeria kontemporer inilah yang menjadi fokus tulisan ini.]

Russian Church Policy in Syria in the 19th Century: Main Tendencies and Dynamics of Its Development

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Lora Gerd
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
Material Support ◽  
National Education ◽  
East Russia ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Church Policy

The article is focused on the main tendencies of Russian policy in the Patriarchate of Antioch during the 19th century. Following the traditional support of Orthodoxy, in the situation of concurrence of the Great Powers in the Middle East Russia had to make a revision of the old methods of policy. The journey of Archimandrite Porfirii Uspenskii in 1843 and the foundation of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Jerusalem in 1847 were aimed at strengthening of Russian positions in the region. The conflicts between the nations in the end of the 1850s and he struggle of the Arabs for church and national independence forced he Russian diplomacy to support them against the Greeks. The struggle ended in the election of an Arab Patriarch at the Antiochian see. The activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society for foundation of schools for the Orthodox Arabs as well as financing of the schools of the Patriarchate created a strong base for national education. The peak of Russian influence in Syria is in the beginning of the 20s century: at that time the sums for material support increase enormously. As a whole it was in Syria during the 19th century that Russian policy in the Christian East was most efficient.

Liberal-Conservative and Liberal Views on the Popular Representation in the Beginning of the 20th Century and Their Reflection in the Legislation of 1905–1906

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 223-231
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Demin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Liberal Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Further Development

The article is devoted to the study of the views of Russian liberals and liberal-conservatives on the representative authority in the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown that since the 70-ies of the 19th century all of them supported the transfer to representative authority. By the beginning of the 20th century even moderate liberals could not envisage further development of the country without such reforms. The revolution of 1905 intensified the activity of all social and political movements. Liberal conservatives supported the introduction of advisory representation that was to be elected by the democratized “Zemstva” and that should submit their opinions directly to the Emperor. The liberals pressed for the introduction of the parliament elected by universal, equal, direct and secret voting, that would issue laws, approve the budget and effect political control of the government. The development of political system reforms had bureaucratic and secret character. The demands of liberal society were taken into account only occasionally and only on minor issues. And it became the factor that intensified confrontation of the government and the educated society.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

CAPRICCIOʼS GENRE IN MANDOLIN MUSIC AT THE END OF THE 19th – THE EARLY OF THE 20th CENTURIES (for example of the concert pieces by С. Munier)

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
N. V. Bashmakova ◽  
K. V. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Concert Works ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

The purpose of this article is process of analyzing in reference to concert capriccio by C. Munier for mandolin with piano («Bizzarria», op. 201, Spanish сapriccio, op. 276) from the point of view of their genre specificity. Methodology. The research is based on the historical approach, which determines the specifics of the genre of Capriccio in the music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the work of C. Munier; the computational and analytical methods used to identify the peculiarities of the formulation and the performing interpretation of the original concert pianos for mandolins with piano that, according to the genre orientation (according to the composerʼs remarks), are defined as capriccio. Scientific novelty. The creation of Florentine composer,61mandolinist-vertuoso and pedagog C. Munier, which made about 300 compositions, is exponential for represented scientific vector. Concert works by C. Munier for mandolin and piano, created in the capriccio genre, were not yet considered in the art of the outdoors, as the creativity and composer’s style of the famous mandolinist. Conclusions. Thus, appealing to capriccio by С. Munier, which created only two works, embodied in them virtually all the evolutionary stages of the development of genre. In his opus of this genre there are a vocal, inherent in capriccio of the 17th century solo presentation, virtuosity, originality, which were embodied in the works of 17th – 18th centuries and the national color of the 19th century is clearly expressed. Thus, the Spanish capriccio is a kind of «musical encyclopedia» of national dance, which features are characteristic features of bolero, tarantella, habanera, and so forth. The originality of opus number 201 – «Bizzarria», is embodied in the parameters of shaping (expanded cadence of the soloist in the beginning) and emphasized virtuosity, which is realized in a wide register range, a variety of technical elements.

Byelorussian Nationalism and Western Russianism: the Problem of Confrontation

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Gronsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the relationship between Western Russianism (Zapadnorusizm) and Byelorussian nationalism. Byelorussian nationalism is much younger than Western Russianism, finally shaping only in the end of the 19th century. Before 1917 revolution Byelorussian nationalism could not compete with Western Russianism. The national policy of the Bolsheviks contributed to the decline of Western Russianism and helped Byelorussian nationalism to gain stronger positions. However, Byelorussian nationalists actively cooperated with the occupation authorities during the Great Patriotic war. That caused distinctly negative attitude of Byelorussians towards the movement and collaborators. Currently, Byelorussian nationalism is supported both by the opposition and by the government. Western Russianism has no political representation, but is supported by the majority of Byelorussian population.

scholarly journals Rhetorical uses of precise numbers and semi-magical round numbers in political discourse about COVID-19: Examples from the government of the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 095792652110131
Author(s):  
Michael Billig
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
British Government ◽  
Political Incentives ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Round Numbers ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Uk Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper examines how the British government has used statistics about COVID-19 for political ends. A distinction is made between precise and round numbers. Historically, using round numbers to estimate the spread of disease gave way in the 19th century to the sort precise, but not necessarily accurate, statistics that are now being used to record COVID-19. However, round numbers have continued to exert rhetorical, ‘semi-magical’ power by simultaneously conveying both quantity and quality. This is demonstrated in examples from the British government’s claims about COVID-19. The paper illustrates how senior members of the UK government use ‘good’ round numbers to frame their COVID-19 goals and to announce apparent achievements. These round numbers can provide political incentives to manipulate the production of precise number; again examples from the UK government are given.

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