The growing interest in vitamin D is positively related to that of its kidney complications and is negatively related to that of bone benefit: an analysis based on Google Trends (Preprint)

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.2196/preprints.18720 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Zaffanello

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Density ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Failure ◽

Cardiovascular Health ◽

Economic Status ◽

Google Trends ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Electronic Search

BACKGROUND The benefits of vitamin D relate to muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and prevents osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore trends of global interest on vitamin D, hypercalcaemia, adverse kidney effects (stones and kidney failure) and osteoporosis METHODS An electronic search was conducted with Google Trends, limiting searches based on the "health" criterion. RESULTS Worldwide interest in vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol or calciferol), kidney stones and kidney failure is progressively growing over time. On the other hand, vitamin D was found to be negatively correlated with hypercalcaemia and bone density. Another result of our analysis is the distribution of the popularity of searches across countries. In particular, the global popularity for vitamin D3 seems higher than that of vitamin D2 and also shows different geographical preferences. The growing interest in vitamin D parallels that of kidney stones and kidney failure, while decreasing popularity has been noted for hypercalcaemia and bone density CONCLUSIONS The research volumes help to clarify the changes in the trends of use of supplements and the development of their complications, according to the different geographical areas, socio-economic status and online literacy

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Metabolism of vitamin D in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and alcoholic liver disease

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0690561 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. 561-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

E. Barbara Mawer ◽

H. J. Klass ◽

T. W. Warnes ◽

Jacqueline L. Berry

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Liver Disease ◽

Primary Biliary Cirrhosis ◽

Alcoholic Liver Disease ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Control Group ◽

Biliary Cirrhosis ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽

Poor Renal Function

1. The metabolism of isotopically labelled vitamin D2 and D3 has been investigated in eight patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in five controls. The concentration of labelled vitamin D2 was lower than that of vitamin D3 in serum of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis on days 1 and 2 after intravenous injection (P < 0.005 and P < 0.05, respectively) but no difference was seen in controls. 2. Similar amounts of labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 were seen in serum of the control group; the same pattern was observed in the primary biliary cirrhosis group, and no significant differences were observed between the two groups. 3. In both control and primary biliary cirrhosis groups, the serum concentration of labelled 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 exceeded that of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (significant for controls on day 2, P < 0.02) but concentrations in the two groups were not different. 4. Concentrations of labelled 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were significantly higher than those of 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D2 in the primary biliary cirrhosis group at all times and in the control group on days 2 and 3. Both 25,26-dihydroxyvitamin D2 and D3 were higher in the serum of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis than in controls (significant on day 1, P < 0.05). 5. Urinary excretion over days 0–3 of radioactivity from both vitamins D2 and D3 was significantly higher in the primary biliary cirrhosis group than in controls: 12.03 vs 1.80% for vitamin D2 and 8.98 vs 1.76% for vitamin D3(P < 0.005). Vitamin D2-derived urinary radioactivity in primary biliary cirrhosis correlated strongly with serum bilirubin (P = 0.005). 6. The metabolism of labelled vitamin D3 was studied in seven patients with alcoholic liver disease, three of whom showed low serum concentrations of labelled 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 suggesting impaired hepatic synthesis. The 25-hydroxylation response was quantified as the relative index of 25-hydroxylation and was significantly related to two other indices of liver function. It is concluded that impaired 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D may occur in alcoholic liver disease and results from hepatocellular dysfunction. 7. Less than the predicted amounts of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were produced in four of the seven patients with alcoholic liver disease; this defect may be attributable in part to decreased precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D and to poor renal function.

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Vitamin D – Funktionen und Versorgung

Ernährung & Medizin ◽

10.1055/s-0043-108869 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (02) ◽

pp. 57-58

Author(s):

Tilman Grune

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Vitamin D2

Die Bezeichnung Vitamin D ist ein Sammelbegriff für verschiedene Substanzen, die aus Cholesterol (Vitamin-D3-Derivate) und Ergosterol (Vitamin-D2-Derivate) synthetisiert werden. Der Stoffwechsel des Vitamin D und die Bildung seiner Wirk- und Transportformen ist ausführlich beschrieben [1, 2] und soll deshalb hier nicht erwähnt werden – nur an die Notwendigkeit von UV-Strahlung für einen zentralen Syntheseschritt in der Haut sei erinnert. Da diese UV-Strahlung offensichtlich nicht unter allen Umständen ausreicht, ist Vitamin D ein essenzieller Nahrungsbestandteil.

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Analysis of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 in Fortified Milk Powders and Infant and Nutritional Formulas by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2016.05

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.16-0160 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 1321-1330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Brendon D Gill ◽

Grant A Abernethy ◽

Rebecca J Green ◽

Harvey E Indyk

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Multiple Reaction Monitoring ◽

Reference Method ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Method Performance ◽

Expert Review ◽

Fortified Milk ◽

Expert Review Panel ◽

Single Laboratory

Abstract A method for the determination of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in fortified milk powders and infant and adult nutritional formulas is described. Samples are saponified at high temperature and lipid-soluble components are extracted into isooctane. A portion of the isooctane layer is transferred and washed, and an aliquot of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione is added to derivatize the vitamin D to form a high-molecular-mass, easily ionizable adduct. The vitamin D adduct is then re-extracted into a small volume of acetonitrile and analyzed by RPLC. Detection is by tandem MS, using multiple reaction monitoring. Stable isotope-labeled vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 internal standards are used for quantitation to correct for losses in extraction and any variation in derivatization and ionization efficiencies. A single-laboratory validation of the method using AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) kit samples was performed and compared with parameters defined according to the vitamin D Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPR®). Linearity was demonstrated over the range specified in the SMPR, with the LOD being estimated at below that required. Method spike recovery (vitamin D2, 97.0–99.2%; and vitamin D3, 96.0–101.0%) and RSDr (vitamin D3, 1.5–5.2%) were evaluated and compared favorably with limits in the vitamin D SMPR. Acceptable bias for vitamin D3 was demonstrated against both the certified value for National Institute of Standards and Technology 1849a Standard Reference material (P(α = 0.05) = 0.25) and AOAC INTERNATIONAL reference method 2002.05 (P(α = 0.05) = 0.09). The method was demonstrated to meet the requirements of the vitamin D SMPR as defined by SPIFAN, and was recently approved for Official First Action status by the AOAC Expert Review Panel on SPIFAN Nutrient Methods.

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Persistence of 1,25D-induced hypercalciuria in alendronate-treated genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats fed a low-calcium diet

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00680.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 306 (9) ◽

pp. F1081-F1087 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kevin K. Frick ◽

John R. Asplin ◽

Christopher D. Culbertson ◽

Ignacio Granja ◽

Nancy S. Krieger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Density ◽

Bone Resorption ◽

Mrna Expression ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Vitamin D Receptors ◽

Low Calcium Diet ◽

Renal Tubular ◽

Intestinal Ca Absorption

Genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming (GHS) rats demonstrate increased intestinal Ca absorption, increased bone resorption, and reduced renal tubular Ca reabsorption leading to hypercalciuria and all form kidney stones. GHS have increased vitamin D receptors (VDR) at these sites of Ca transport. Injection of 1,25(OH)2D3 (1,25D) leads to a greater increase in urine (u)Ca in GHS than in control Sprague-Dawley (SD), possibly due to the additional VDR. In GHS the increased uCa persists on a low-Ca diet (LCD) suggesting enhanced bone resorption. We tested the hypothesis that LCD, coupled to inhibition of bone resorption by alendronate (alen), would eliminate the enhanced 1,25D-induced hypercalciuria in GHS. SD and GHS were fed LCD and half were injected daily with 1,25D. After 8 days all were also given alen until euthanasia at day 16. At 8 days, 1,25D increased uCa in SD and to a greater extent in GHS. At 16 days, alen eliminated the 1,25D-induced increase in uCa in SD. However, in GHS alen decreased, but did not eliminate, the 1,25D-induced hypercalciuria, suggesting maximal alen cannot completely prevent the 1,25D-induced bone resorption in GHS, perhaps due to increased VDR. There was no consistent effect on mRNA expression of renal transcellular or paracellular Ca transporters. Urine CaP and CaOx supersaturation (SS) increased with 1,25D alone in both SD and GHS. Alen eliminated the increase in CaP SS in SD but not in GHS. If these results are confirmed in humans with IH, the use of bisphosphonates, such as alen, may not prevent the decreased bone density observed in these patients.

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Effect of smoking on the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D depends on the assay employed

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-10-0150e ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 163 (6) ◽

pp. 965 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Guri Grimnes ◽

Bjørg Almaas ◽

Anne Elise Eggen ◽

Nina Emaus ◽

Yngve Figenschau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Differential Effects of Oral Boluses of Vitamin D2 vs Vitamin D3 on Vitamin D Metabolism: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2019-00207 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 104 (12) ◽

pp. 5831-5839 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Adrian R Martineau ◽

Kenneth E Thummel ◽

Zhican Wang ◽

David A Jolliffe ◽

Barbara J Boucher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Bolus Dose ◽

Total Serum ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Serum Concentrations ◽

Vitamin D Metabolism ◽

Dihydroxyvitamin D3 ◽

Differential Effects ◽

The Mean

Abstract Context Vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 have been hypothesized to exert differential effects on vitamin D metabolism. Objective To compare the influence of administering vitamin D2 vs vitamin D3 on metabolism of vitamin D3. Methods We measured baseline and 4-month serum concentrations of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3], 25-hydroxyvitamin D2, 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3], 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], and 4β,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [4β,25(OH)2D3] in 52 adults randomized to receive a total of four oral bolus doses of 2.5 mg vitamin D2 (n = 28) or vitamin D3 (n = 24) over four months. Metabolite-to-parent compound ratios were calculated to estimate hydroxylase activity. Pairwise before vs after comparisons were made to evaluate effects of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 on metabolism of vitamin D. Mean postsupplementation metabolite-to-parent ratios were then compared between groups. Results Vitamin D2 was less effective than vitamin D3 in elevating total serum 25(OH)D concentration. Vitamin D2 suppressed mean four-month serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3, 24R,25(OH)2D3, 1α,25(OH)2D3, and 4β,25(OH)2D3 and mean ratios of 25(OH)D3 to D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3, while increasing the mean ratio of 24R,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3. Vitamin D3 increased mean four-month serum concentrations of 25(OH)D3, 24R,25(OH)2D3, 1α,25(OH)2D3, and 4β,25(OH)2D3 and the mean ratio of 24R,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3. Participants receiving vitamin D2 had lower mean postsupplementation ratios of 25(OH)D3 to vitamin D3 and 1α,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3 than those receiving vitamin D3. Mean postsupplementation ratios of 24R,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3 and 4β,25(OH)2D3 to 25(OH)D3 did not differ between groups. Conclusions Bolus-dose vitamin D2 is less effective than bolus-dose vitamin D3 in elevating total serum 25(OH)D concentration. Administration of vitamin D2 reduces 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 and 1-α hydroxylation of 25(OH)D3, while increasing 24R-hydroxylation of 25(OH)D3.

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Vitamin D Content of Australian Native Food Plants and Australian-Grown Edible Seaweed

10.20944/preprints201805.0344.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Laura J. Hughes ◽

Lucinda J. Black ◽

Jill L. Sherriff ◽

Eleanor Dunlop ◽

Norbert Strobel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Food Plants ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Triple Quadrupole ◽

Quadrupole Mass ◽

Edible Seaweed ◽

Solanaceae Family

Vitamin D has previously been quantified in some plants and algae, particularly in leaves of the Solanaceae family. We measured the vitamin D content of Australian native food plants and Australian-grown edible seaweed. Using liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, 13 samples (including leaf, fruit and seed) were analysed in duplicate for vitamin D2, vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Five samples contained vitamin D2: raw wattleseed (Acacia victoriae) (0.03 µg/100 g dry weight (DW)); fresh and dried lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) leaves (0.03 and 0.24 µg/100 g DW, respectively); dried leaves and berries of Tasmanian mountain pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata) (0.67 and 0.05 µg/100 g DW, respectively). Fresh kombu (Lessonia corrugata) contained vitamin D3 (0.01 µg/100 g DW). Detected amounts were low; however, it is possible that exposure to ultraviolet radiation may increase the vitamin D content of plants and algae if vitamin D precursors are present.

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Vitamin D Metabolism

10.5772/intechopen.97180 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sezer Acar ◽

Behzat Özkan

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Bone Metabolism ◽

Human Skin ◽

Vitamin D3 ◽

Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽

Ultraviolet Rays ◽

Vitamin D2 ◽

Animal Tissues ◽

Vitamin D Metabolism

Vitamin D plays an important role in bone metabolism. Vitamin D is a group of biologically inactive, fat-soluble prohormones that exist in two major forms: ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) produced by plants in response to ultraviolet irradiation and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) derived from animal tissues or 7-dehydrocholesterol in human skin by the action of ultraviolet rays present in sunlight. Vitamin D, which is biologically inactive, needs two-step hydroxylation for activation. All of these steps are of crucial for Vitamin D to show its effect properly. In this section, we will present vitamin D synthesis and its action steps in detail.

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