scholarly journals Influence of countries adopted policies for COVID-19 reduction under the view of the airborne transmission framework (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Roberto Telles Sr
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Individual Scale ◽  
Preventive Methods ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Virus Community ◽  
Main Factor

UNSTRUCTURED Daily new cases dataset since January 2020 were used to search for evidences of SARS-CoV-2 community transmission as the main nowadays cause of constant infection rates among countries. Despite traditional forms of transmission of this virus (droplets and aerosols in medical facilities), new evidence suggests aerosols forming patterns in the atmosphere as a main factor of community transmission outside medical spaces. Following these findings, this research focused on comparing some countries and the adopted policy used as preventive framework for virus community transmission. Countries social distancing policy aspect, of one to two meters of physical distance, was statistically analyzed from January to early May 2020, and countries were divided into those implementing only social physical distance and those implementing distancing with additional transmission isolation (with masks and city disinfection). Correlating countries social distancing policy adoption with other preventive measures such as social isolation and COVID-19 testing, a new indicator results, derived from SIR models and Weibull parameterization, show that only social physical distance measure could act as a factor for SARS-CoV-2 transmission with respect to atmosphere carrier potential. In this sense, the type of social distancing framework adopted by some countries without additional measures might represent a main model for the constant reproductive spread patterns of SARS-CoV-2 within the community transmission. Finally, the findings have important implications for the policy making to be adopted globally as well as individual-scale preventive methods. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT RR2-https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107763

scholarly journals Influence of countries adopted policies for COVID-19 reduction under the view of the airborne transmission framework

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Roberto Telles
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Individual Scale ◽  
Preventive Methods ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Virus Community ◽  
Main Factor

AbstractDaily new cases dataset since January 2020 were used to search for evidences of SARS-CoV-2 community transmission as the main nowadays cause of constant infection rates among countries. Despite traditional forms of transmission of this virus (droplets and aerosols in medical facilities), new evidence suggests aerosols forming patterns in the atmosphere as a main factor of community transmission outside medical spaces. Following these findings, this research focused on comparing some countries and the adopted policy used as preventive framework for virus community transmission. Countries social distancing policy aspect, of one to two meters of physical distance, was statistically analyzed from January to early May 2020, and countries were divided into those implementing only social physical distance and those implementing distancing with additional transmission isolation (with masks and city disinfection). Correlating countries social distancing policy adoption with other preventive measures such as social isolation and COVID-19 testing, a new indicator results, derived from SIR models and Weibull parameterization, show that only social physical distance measure could act as a factor for SARS-CoV-2 transmission with respect to atmosphere carrier potential. In this sense, the type of social distancing framework adopted by some countries without additional measures might represent a main model for the constant reproductive spread patterns of SARS-CoV-2 within the community transmission. Finally, the findings have important implications for the policy making to be adopted globally as well as individual-scale preventive methods.

scholarly journals Epidemiological modelling of the health and economic effects of COVID-19 control in Australia’s second wave

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Quentin Grafton ◽  
John Parslow ◽  
Tom Kompas ◽  
Kathryn Glass ◽  
Emily Banks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Detection Strategies

Abstract Background We investigated the public health and economy outcomes of different levels of social distancing to control a ‘second wave’ outbreak in Australia and identify implications for public health management of COVID-19. Methods Individual-based and compartment models were used to simulate the effects of different social distancing and detection strategies on Australian COVID-19 infections and the economy from March to July 2020. These models were used to evaluate the effects of different social distancing levels and the early relaxation of suppression measures, in terms of public health and economy outcomes. Results The models, fitted to observations up to July 2020, yielded projections consistent with subsequent cases and showed that better public health outcomes and lower economy costs occur when social distancing measures are more stringent, implemented earlier and implemented for a sufficiently long duration. Early relaxation of suppression results in worse public health outcomes and higher economy costs. Conclusions Better public health outcomes (reduced COVID-19 fatalities) are positively associated with lower economy costs and higher levels of social distancing; achieving zero community transmission lowers both public health and economy costs compared to allowing community transmission to continue; and early relaxation of social distancing increases both public health and economy costs.

scholarly journals Communicable disease pandemic: a simulation model based on community transmission and social distancing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourav Kumar Bhoi ◽  
Kalyan Kumar Jena ◽  
Debasis Mohapatra ◽  
Munesh Singh ◽  
Raghvendra Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Community Transmission

scholarly journals Interpersonal Distance in the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1095-1101
Author(s):  
Robin Welsch ◽  
Heiko Hecht ◽  
Lewis Chuang ◽  
Christoph von Castell
Keyword(s):  
Architectural Design ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Norms ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Mandatory Rules ◽  
Social Signaling ◽  
Intimate Encounters

Background Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions. Objective This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances. Method To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors. Results To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances. Conclusion We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms. Application We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.

scholarly journals Event-specific interventions to minimize COVID-19 transmission

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (50) ◽  
pp. 32038-32045
Author(s):  
Paul Tupper ◽  
Himani Boury ◽  
Madi Yerlanov ◽  
Caroline Colijn
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Intensity ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Infectious Individual ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Fundamental Relationship ◽  
Community Transmission

COVID-19 is a global pandemic with over 25 million cases worldwide. Currently, treatments are limited, and there is no approved vaccine. Interventions such as handwashing, masks, social distancing, and “social bubbles” are used to limit community transmission, but it is challenging to choose the best interventions for a given activity. Here, we provide a quantitative framework to determine which interventions are likely to have the most impact in which settings. We introduce the concept of “event R,” the expected number of new infections due to the presence of a single infectious individual at an event. We obtain a fundamental relationship between event R and four parameters: transmission intensity, duration of exposure, the proximity of individuals, and the degree of mixing. We use reports of small outbreaks to establish event R and transmission intensity in a range of settings. We identify principles that guide whether physical distancing, masks and other barriers to transmission, or social bubbles will be most effective. We outline how this information can be obtained and used to reopen economies with principled measures to reduce COVID-19 transmission.

scholarly journals Transformation of the Private/Public Divide in the Times of Covid-19: How Economydriven Policies Are Reshaping the Concept of Social/Physical Distancing in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Ivana Stepanović
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Times ◽  
Over Time

The evolution of social/physical distancing narratives throughout the COVID19 pandemic has left the concept itself ambiguous and vague while cutting through the borderlines between private and public. In the case of Serbia, economy-driven policies have shifted the focus from isolation, solitude and remote work during the first and the only lockdown towards the idea of physical distance in public spaces and work environments. This paper aims to analyse how social distancing narratives in Serbia were construed over time through governmental policies as well as companies’ regulations, and how they redefined the concept of privacy during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Community transmission of COVID-19 in Nigeria: the first 150 days

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olusola Ayandele
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Descriptive Epidemiology ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Hygiene

This study provides descriptive epidemiology of the COVID-19 outbreak across the 36 states and the FCT in Nigeria within the first 150 days. Data from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) daily situation reports on COVID-19 from February 27 up till August 10 were extracted and described. As of August 10, 2020, there were 43,151 COVID-19 cases and 879 coronavirus related deaths, giving a case fatality rate (CFR) of 2.0%. Lagos and the FCT recorded the highest number of cases while Lagos, followed by Edo, recorded the highest number of deaths. Male (65%) and individuals aged 31-40 years (25%) were the most affected groups while community transmission was responsible for 98% of the cases. Highly urbanized states reported higher COVID-19 transmissions and fatality. Adherence to preventive health protocols such as wearing a facemask, social distancing, and respiratory hygiene could mitigate the contagion.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Recent updates on SARS-CoV-2 and Preventing its Community Transmission in India by 21 Days Lockdown

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 921-929
Author(s):  
Satyajeet K. Pawar ◽  
Shivaji T. Mohite
Keyword(s):  
Hubei Province ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
First Case ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Almost All

The current pandemic of COVID-19 has caused havoc all over world since its emergence and rapid spread. Within three months the virus SARS-CoV-2 which was isolated from pneumonia cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in late December 2019, has affected almost all countries. India reported its first case of COVID-19 from state of Kerala on January 30, 2020, a student returned from city of Wuhan. Till date in India the disease had affected 12759 patients with 420 deaths. With every passing day the mysterious virus is been uncovered with its unique characteristics enabling the researcher to unfold the various methods including hand washing and social distancing to curtail the pandemic. Measures like 21 days lockdown to certain extent are effective but considering asymptomatic spreaders, extended measured lockdowns will be useful in the long term war against COVID-19. Till the vaccine and therapeutic solutions are derived, answer to pandemic and SARS-CoV-2 lies in lockdown, social distancing, contact tracing and containment.

scholarly journals Insufficient social distancing may be related to a future COVID-19 outbreak in Ijuí-Brazil: Predictions of further social interventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Gomes Heck ◽  
Matias Nunes Frizzo ◽  
Carlos Henrique Ramires François ◽  
Mirna Stela Ludwig ◽  
Marilia Arndt Mesenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Social Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Community Infection

AbstractThe coronavirus disease that initiates in 2019 (COVID-19) has proven to be highly contagious since it became pandemic quickly and nowadays presents higher transmission rates worldwide, including small Brazilian cities, as Ijuí. Located in the northwestern of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) with 83,475 inhabitants, Ijuí was selected to receive a population-based survey divided into four steps separated by 15 days each that involved 1,750 subjects. Subjects were tested for the presence of antibodies against coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) and answered questions about social distance adherence, daily routine, comorbidities, and sociodemographic characteristics. In parallel, the local government registered the official COVID-19 cases in Ijuí. In this study, we demonstrated the levels of social distancing adherence and the beginning of COVID-19 community transmission in Ijuí and showed some predictions for cases, hospitalization, and deaths. We concluded that the insufficient social distancing registered in the population-based study might be related to the rapid increase of COVID-19 cases in Ijuí. Our study predicts a closer outbreak of community infection of COVID-19, which could be avoided or attenuated if the levels of the social distancing in the population increase in the next weeks.

scholarly journals Implementing social distancing policy measures in the battle against the coronavirus: protocol of a comparative study of Denmark and Sweden

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Nilsen ◽  
Ida Seing ◽  
Carin Ericsson ◽  
Ove Andersen ◽  
Nina Thórný Stefánsdóttir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Interdisciplinary Collaboration ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Types Of Knowledge ◽  
The Social ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Research Questions

Abstract Background Social distancing policies to ensure physical distance between people have become a crucial strategy in the battle against the spread of the coronavirus. The aim of this project is to analyze and compare social distancing policies implemented in Denmark and Sweden in 2020. Despite many similarities between the two countries, their response to the coronavirus pandemic differed markedly. Whereas authorities in Denmark initiated mandatory regulations and many severe restrictions, Swedish authorities predominantly promoted voluntary recommendations. Methods The project is an interdisciplinary collaboration between researchers in Denmark and Sweden with different disciplinary backgrounds. The project is based on a comparative analysis, an approach that attempts to reach conclusions beyond single cases and to explain differences and similarities between objects of analysis and relations between objects against the backdrop of their contextual conditions. Data will be gathered by means of document analysis, qualitative interviews, and a questionnaire survey to address three research questions: (1) What social distancing policies regarding the coronavirus have been formulated and implemented, who are the policymakers behind the policy measures, which implementers are expected to implement the measures, and who are the targets that the measures ultimately seek to influence? (2) How have the social distancing policies and policy measures been justified, and what types of knowledge form the basis for the measures? and (3) What are the differences and similarities in citizens’ perceptions of acceptability and compliance with social distancing policy measures in relation to the coronavirus? Discussion To create a structure for addressing the three research questions, the project applies a theoretical framework informed by the policy and implementation science literatures. The framework consists of five interdependent domains that have an impact on policy implementation: (1) policymakers, (2) policy characteristics, (3) implementers, (4) targets, and (5) policy environment. Details of the framework are provided in the article.

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