scholarly journals Transformation of the Private/Public Divide in the Times of Covid-19: How Economydriven Policies Are Reshaping the Concept of Social/Physical Distancing in Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-135
Author(s):  
Ivana Stepanović
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The Times ◽  
Over Time

The evolution of social/physical distancing narratives throughout the COVID19 pandemic has left the concept itself ambiguous and vague while cutting through the borderlines between private and public. In the case of Serbia, economy-driven policies have shifted the focus from isolation, solitude and remote work during the first and the only lockdown towards the idea of physical distance in public spaces and work environments. This paper aims to analyse how social distancing narratives in Serbia were construed over time through governmental policies as well as companies’ regulations, and how they redefined the concept of privacy during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Między minimalizmem a melodramatem. Przestrzeń filmowa w kinie rumuńskiej nowej fali

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (36) ◽  
pp. 71-92
Author(s):  
Adam Domalewski
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
New Wave ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Film Images ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
New Wave Cinema ◽  
The Times ◽  
Nicolae Ceausescu

The starting point for considering the means of creating and designing a film space in Romanian New Wave cinema is the thesis that Romanian film art in the 21st century is an artistic response to the times of communism and that images of the post-socialist architectural space – their multi-faceted functionalization in film mise-en-scéne – are the key method of evoking memories of the past. The article discusses, via the example of movies by Crisitian Mungiu, Corneliu Porumboiu and Cristi Puiu, (1) ways of depicting the “closing” of film characters in the cramped interiors of their apartments and (2) film images of individuals’ alienation in public spaces, both of them allusively referring to the times of the oppressive Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. The most important cinematographic devices used bythe authors of the Romanian New Wave cinema include: seemingly static shots, which, however, are filmed with a camera that is constantly gently moving and observing, and tableau shots. A common feature of all the considered works is the panopticism of the film world: the private and public spaces designed in them easily become a place of constant, panoptical observation. In the summary, theauthor remarks on and briefly discusses the coexistence of the aesthetics of minimalism / realism with the melodramatic elements in the cinematic structure of Romanian New Wave films.

scholarly journals Psychological Impacts of Remote Working Under Social Distancing Restrictions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Oliver Baumann ◽  
Elizabeth (Libby) J. Sander
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
Work Model

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in a swift and dramatic global shift in the location of work for many employees. Organizations around the world have implemented remote work arrangements to allow continuity of service while conforming with social distancing requirements. As a result of ongoing uncertainty regarding the current and future pandemics, reduced costs associated with housing employees remotely, and survey results suggesting employees are reluctant to return to a primarily office-based work model, many organisations are implementing ongoing remote arrangements for their employees. This chapter provides a review of current research on the psychological effects of remote working. Recommendations are made regarding future research directions across various remote work environments that will enhance understanding of the psychological effects of remote work under social distancing.

scholarly journals Social representations of ‘social distancing’ in response to COVID-19 in the UK media

2021 ◽  
pp. 001139212199003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Nerlich ◽  
Rusi Jaspal
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Physical Distance ◽  
Social Representation ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Right

The emergence and spread of a new pandemic, COVID-19, have raised topics of concern for health professionals, policy makers and publics across the globe. Governments have struggled to find the right policies to stop disease transmission, but all have introduced social distancing. In the United Kingdom this has come to be understood as staying at home and, when outside, maintaining a physical distance of approximately two metres between oneself and others. In this article, the authors examine the emergence of this new social representation as portrayed in one UK broadsheet and one tabloid with the widest circulation: The Times and The Sun, between early March and early April 2020. Using social representations theory and thematic analysis, the authors show that social distancing struggled to emerge from underneath government obfuscation. It was first seen as a threat to normal life, which in modernity is predicated on mobility; it was later portrayed as a threat to social order; and finally perceived as a burden that, like the lockdown (its conceptual twin), needed to be lifted.

scholarly journals Use of masks in public places in Poland during SARS-Cov-2 epidemic: a covert observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ganczak ◽  
Oskar Pasek ◽  
Łukasz Duda – Duma ◽  
Dawid Świstara ◽  
Marcin Korzeń
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Personal Health ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Health Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Face masks have been employed in the COVID-19 pandemic plans as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2. In Poland, obligatory wearing of masks in public spaces was introduced on April 10th, 2020; a relaxation of previous universal measures was announced on May 29th, 2020, limiting use to indoor public places. Objective To assess use of masks or other protective devices in public spaces in Poland during the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic. Methods A non-participatory covert observational study was conducted on three dates, (10.05/18.05/25.05.2020) at public spaces in 13 regions with different risks. Ten consecutive individuals were observed by each of 82 medical students (n = 2460 observations), using a structured checklist. Results Among 2353 observed persons, the female/male ratios were 1.0, 1.1, and 1.0 on the three dates. Almost three quarters - 73.6% (n = 552/750) were using masks on date 1, 66.5% (544/818) on date 2; and 65.7% (516/785) on date 3. Cloth masks predominated on all dates (64.7–62.3%-62.6%), followed by medical (23.4–28.5%-26.9%). Being female (OR = 1.77–1.47-1.53 respectively) and location in a closed space (OR = 2.60–2.59-2.32) were each associated with higher usage. Participants in sports were about two times less likely to use masks (OR = 0.64–0.53-0.53) as compared to other activities. The proportion using masks correctly decreased gradually over time (364/552; 65.9%; 339/544; 62.3% and 304/516; 58.9%). More females wore masks correctly (date 1: 205/294; 69.7% vs 159/258; 61.6%, and date 3: 186/284; 65.5% vs 118/232; 50.9%; p = 0.045; p = 0.0008 respectively). Uncovered noses (47.3–52.7%) and masks around the neck (39.2–42.6%) were the most frequent incorrect practices. Conclusions Practices were not in line with official recommendations, especially among males, and deteriorated over time. Cloth masks were predominantly used in public spaces. Health promotion, through utilizing all available communication channels, would be helpful to increase compliance.

scholarly journals The impact of quarantine on Covid-19 infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
District Level ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives: Coronavirushas had profound effects on people’s lives and the economy of many countries, generating controversy between the need to establish quarantines and other social distancing measures to protect people’s health and the need to reactivate the economy. This study proposes and applies a modification of the SIR infection model to describe the evolution of coronavirus infections and to measure the effect of quarantine on the number of people infected. Methods: Two hypotheses, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are proposed for the impact of quarantines. According to the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate, delaying new infections over time without modifying the total number of people infected at the end of the wave. The second hypothesis establishes that quarantine reduces the population infected in the wave. The two hypotheses are tested with data for a sample of 10 districts in Santiago, Chile. Results: The results of applying the methodology show that the proposed model describes well the evolution of infections at the district level. The data shows evidence in favor of the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate; and not in favor of the second hypothesis, that quarantine reduces the population infected. Districts of higher socio-economic levels have a lower infection rate, and quarantine is more effective. Conclusions: Quarantine, in most districts, does not reduce the total number of people infected in the wave; it only reduces the rate at which they are infected. The reduction in the infection rate avoids peaks that may collapse the health system.

scholarly journals Adoption of Satellite Offices in Response to a Pandemic: Sustainability and Infection Control

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 8008
Author(s):  
Seungbeom Kim ◽  
Yooneun Lee ◽  
Byungchul Choi
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Office Environment ◽  
Potential Risks

The office environment has changed rapidly due to the recent COVID-19 outbreak. Companies consider various types of remote work environments to contain the spread of the virus. Among them, a satellite office is a type of remote work environment where a number of employees are allocated to their nearest office. The benefits from satellite offices are twofold: The significant reduction of travel distance also reduces the amount of carbon emission and fuel consumption. In addition, dividing employees into smaller groups significantly reduces the potential risks of infection in the office. This paper addresses a satellite office allocation problem that considers social and environmental sustainability and infection control at work. In order to evaluate the effect of different satellite office allocation, quantitative measures are developed for the following three criteria: carbon emission, fuel consumption, and the probability of infection occurrence at work. Simulation experiments are conducted to investigate different scenarios of regional infection rate and modes of transportation. The results show that adopting satellite offices not only reduces carbon emission and fuel consumption, but also mitigates business disruption in the pandemic.

Private and public spaces

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Junestrand ◽  
Konrad Tollmar ◽  
Sören Lenman ◽  
Björn Thuresson
Keyword(s):  
Public Spaces ◽  
Private And Public

PENERAPAN TIPOLOGI PASAR, ARSITEKTUR DAN PERILAKU GENERASI Z PADA PERANCANGAN PASAR MASA DEPAN DI GONDANGDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Irwin Irwin ◽  
Doddy Yuono
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Design Strategy ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Equal Space ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The pandemic caused by the corona virus has changed the lifestyle of humans, both directly and indirectly, especially generation Z in Jakarta. The way humans meet their primary needs also changes over time. Many of generation Z decide to shop online to meet their individual needs. Generation Z defines balance as one of the things that is seen in living life, including meeting their needs and interacting with others. The Future Market in Gondangdia exists as a forum that provides space for buying and selling transactions to be more interactive, creative, flexible, and in accordance with health protocols. Through dis-programming, combining creative buying and selling programs and public space as one unit in a design is one of the methods used in designing architectural programs. The combination of the two programs creates an equal space with alternate uses depending on time. The emerging market typology method and its relation to Z generation architecture and behavior become a design strategy in designing. This provides an innovative and interactive buying and selling space according to the needs of generation Z. Keywords: Buy and sell spaces; Public spaces; Future markets; Generation Z; Buy and sell; Dis-programming AbstrakPandemi yang disebabkan oleh virus korona telah mengubah gaya hidup manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, khususnya generasi Z di Jakarta. Cara manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan primernya pun berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Banyak dari generasi Z memutuskan untuk berbelanja online untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya masing-masing. Generasi Z mendefinisikan keseimbangan sebagai salah satu hal yang dilihat dalam menjalani kehiduoan termasuk dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya dan berinteraksi dengan sesamanya. Melalui dis-programming memadukan program jual beli kreatif dan ruang publik sebagai satu kesatuan di dalam sebuah desain merupakan salah satu metodw yang digunakan dalam perancangan program arsitektur. Perpaduan kedua program tersebut menciptakan sebuah ruang yang sama dengan penggunaanya bergantian tergantung oleh waktu. Metode tipologi pasar yang berkembang dan kaitannya dengan arsitektur dan perilaku generasi Z menjadi strategi desain dalam merancang. Hal ini memberikan ruang jual beli yang inovatif dan interaktif sesuai dengan kebutuhan generasi Z.

Disparity and Dynamics of Social Distancing Behaviors in Japan: An Investigation of mobile phone mobility data (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeyu Lyu ◽  
Hiroki Takikawa
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Demographic Groups ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND The availability of large-scale and fine-grained aggregated mobility data has allowed researchers to observe the dynamic of social distancing behaviors at high spatial and temporal resolutions. Despite the increasing attentions paid to this research agenda, limited studies have focused on the demographic factors related to mobility and the dynamics of social distancing behaviors has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assist in the design and implementation of public health policies by exploring the social distancing behaviors among various demographic groups over time. METHODS We combined several data sources, including mobile tracking data and geographical statistics, to estimate visiting population of entertainment venues across demographic groups, which can be considered as the proxy of social distancing behaviors. Then, we employed time series analyze methods to investigate how voluntary and policy-induced social distancing behaviors shift over time across demographic groups. RESULTS Our findings demonstrate distinct patterns of social distancing behaviors and their dynamics across age groups. The population in the entertainment venues comprised mainly of individuals aged 20–40 years, while according to the dynamics of the mobility index and the policy-induced behavior, among the age groups, the extent of reduction of the frequency of visiting entertainment venues during the pandemic was generally the highest among younger individuals. Also, our results indicate the importance of implementing the social distancing policy promptly to limit the spread of the COVID-19 infection. However, it should be noticed that although the policy intervention during the second wave in Japan appeared to increase the awareness of the severity of the pandemic and concerns regarding COVID-19, its direct impact has been largely decreased could only last for a short time. CONCLUSIONS At the time we wrote this paper, in Japan, the number of daily confirmed cases was continuously increasing. Thus, this study provides a timely reference for decision makers about the current situation of policy-induced compliance behaviors. On the one hand, age-dependent disparity requires target mitigation strategies to increase the intention of elderly individuals to adopt mobility restriction behaviors. On the other hand, considering the decreasing impact of self-restriction recommendations, the government should employ policy interventions that limit the resurgence of cases, especially by imposing stronger, stricter social distancing interventions, as they are necessary to promote social distancing behaviors and mitigate the transmission of COVID-19. CLINICALTRIAL None

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