scholarly journals Copyright as a Barrier to Music Therapy Telehealth Interventions: A Qualitative Interview Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Reid ◽  
Alex Kresovich
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Copyright Law ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Lead Author ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Wide Range

BACKGROUND Music therapy is a multifaceted discipline that harnesses the power of music to treat a wide range of patient populations. A therapist who plays music in a private room for a patient is not subject to copyright restrictions. However, in the wake up of the COVID-19 pandemic, music therapy is no longer strictly confined to the face-to-face setting. The present study explores music therapists’ perceptions of copyright law with respect to their ability to provide mediated services to their clients. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to investigate whether concerns about copyright law are hampering the diffusion of telehealth innovations or causing music therapists to deviate from preferred treatments. METHODS Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with credentialed music therapists in the United States between May and June of 2020, using video conference technology. Credentialed music therapists were recruited from a list of music therapists provided to the lead author by the American Music Therapy Association. The researchers used referrals from these initial interviewees’ networks and then recruited more interviewees via snowball sampling. Finally, some interviewees were recruited using contact information obtained using Internet searches for qualified participants. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data. RESULTS The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of therapeutic interventions outside of private face-to-face environments: Environments where music therapy practices are largely shielded from copyright infringement concerns. Six main themes emerged, including therapists’ uncertainty about permissible uses of music and therapists’ erring on the side of caution causing lost opportunities for care. Our interview data suggests music therapists have altered therapeutic interventions in suboptimal ways to avoid copyright liability in a physically distanced environment. CONCLUSIONS Music therapists “drag their feet” on offering therapeutically appropriate activities to clients because of copyright concerns. Innovative mediated therapies are shied away from or abandoned. These findings offer a novel contribution to the public health literature by highlighting copyright law as an unexpected and unwelcomed barrier to the diffusion of music therapy practices in technologically-mediated settings.

Ethical Issues in Private Practice: A Phenomenological Investigation of Music Therapy Business Owners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Wilhelm ◽  
Lindsey Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Private Practice ◽  
Phenomenological Study ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Dilemmas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Music Therapists

Abstract As a music therapy private practice is both a business and a healthcare service, it should adhere to ethical standards from both disciplines. However, this topic has rarely been examined in the music therapy literature. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore ethical dilemmas experienced by music therapy business owners (MTBOs) in their private practice and how MTBOs avoid or address ethical dilemmas. Utilizing convenience and snowball sampling techniques, 21 MTBOs in the United States were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. To answer the two areas of inquiry, we identified three themes and 12 subthemes: (1) Ethical issues related to client welfare, (2) Ethical issues related to business relationships and operation, and (3) Strategies to address or avoid ethical dilemmas. MTBOs also shared how they ensure ethical behavior in themselves, with their employees or independent contractors, and when interacting with professionals outside the private practice. These findings provide a better understanding of MTBOs’ lived experiences of ethics in their private practice and may benefit other music therapists who are in private practice or are wanting to go into private practice. Limitations and recommendations for further research are provided.

Telehealth Music Therapy Services in the United States With Older Adults: A Descriptive Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Wilhelm ◽  
Kyle Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Response Rate ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
Therapy Sessions

Abstract In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many music therapists in the United States turned to telehealth music therapy sessions as a strategy to continue services with older adults. However, the nature and perception of telehealth music therapy services for this age group are unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe music therapy telehealth practices with older adults in the United States including information related to session implementation, strengths and challenges, and adaptations to clinical practice. Of the 110 participants in the United States who responded to the survey (25.2% response rate), 69 reported implementing telehealth music therapy services with older adults and responded to a 32-item survey. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Results indicated that while all participants had provided telehealth music therapy for no more than 6 months, their experiences with telehealth varied. Based on participant responses, telehealth session structure, strengths, challenges, and implemented changes are presented. Overall, 48% of music therapists reported that they planned to continue telehealth music therapy with older adults once pandemic restrictions are lifted. Further study on the quality, suitability, and acceptability of telehealth services with older adults is recommended.

Expanding a Music Therapy Business Using AMTA’s Aspirational Code of Ethics

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Meredith Roman Pizzi
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
Trust Law

Abstract While all music therapists look to the Code of Ethics as a guiding document, music therapists who are self-employed or managing teams rely heavily on this document to create sound business and administrative policies. This article articulates how the 2019 Code of Ethics informs the music therapy entrepreneur or manager to make thoughtful, accountable, and ethical decisions, decreases confusion about specific business practices, and addresses significant concerns related to aspects of the previous AMTA Code of Ethics that were in conflict with federal anti-trust regulations in the United States, including the Sherman Anti-Trust Law. To address the legal and ethical issues inherent in expanding a service business, a discussion guided by the 2019 Code of Ethics and the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics (2009) model is provided as a way to think through potential ethical dilemmas when considering subcontracting music therapy services.

scholarly journals Virtual Music Therapy: Developing New Approaches to Service Delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-156
Author(s):  
David Knott ◽  
Seneca Block
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Service Delivery Models ◽  
Initial Wave ◽  
Traditional Service ◽  
Virtual Services ◽  
Delivery Models

Abstract As the global Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic transforms our society, music therapists must adapt service delivery models that ensure client safety. Given the prevalence of COVID-19 in our communities and lack of personal protective equipment in many settings, music therapists are faced with the need to shift delivery models in order to provide safe and relevant services. Telehealth is one solution to these current service delivery challenges. Music therapists possess a depth of practice-based knowledge and understanding of client populations, which enables them to develop virtual services, matching both the clinicians’ and clients’ technical capabilities. Developed during the initial wave of COVID-19 infections in the United States, this article describes the coauthors’ three-tiered scaffold model intended to support the program development and deployment of virtual music therapy (VMT) services. The model describes an approach to developing VMT services that directs the clinician’s goals of care in formats that are accessible, appropriate, and best meet the patient/client’s needs and abilities. The severity and lasting nature of this worldwide health crisis and its disruption of traditional service delivery models require clinicians and researchers to develop the most effective uses of VMT while considering its limits with regard to clinical populations and need areas.

scholarly journals The Sound of Lost Homes – Introducing the COVER Model – Theoretical Framework and Practical Insight into Music Therapy With Refugees and Asylum Seekers

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Mallon ◽  
Monika Hoog Antink
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Trauma Informed ◽  
Refugees And Asylum Seekers

Due to the difficult situation of refugees, working with this group is challenging. Yet, music therapy is a suitable method for early therapeutic intervention. The authors introduce the context-sensitive classification model for music therapeutic interventions with refugees—COVER model— which is based on practical music therapeutic experiences using a trauma-informed approach with refugees in Germany. The COVER model can serve as a guideline for music therapists who work with refugees in insecure circumstances. The COVER model applies music therapeutic interventions to the natural living environment of refugees and allows for early interventions which may be a crucial benefit to the psychological health of refugees and music therapists working in this area.

scholarly journals Multi-Tissue Neocortical Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Implicates 8 Genes Across 6 Genomic Loci in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Gockley ◽  
Kelsey S. Montgomery ◽  
William L. Poehlman ◽  
Jesse C. Wiley ◽  
Yue Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Association Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Measure Design

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD), an incurable neurodegenerative disease, currently affecting 1.75% of the United States population, with projected growth to 3.46% by 2050. Identifying common genetic variants driving differences in transcript expression that confer AD-risk is necessary to elucidate AD mechanism and develop therapeutic interventions. We modify the FUSION Transcriptome Wide Association Study (TWAS) pipeline to ingest expression from multiple neocortical regions, provide a set of 6780 gene weights which are abstracatable across the neocortex, and leverage these to find 8 genes from six loci with associated AD risk validated through summary mendelian randomization (SMR) utilizing IGAP summary statistics.MethodA combined dataset of 2003 genotypes clustered to Central European (CEU) ancestry was used to construct a training set of 790 genotypes paired to 888 RNASeq profiles across 6 Neo-cortical tissues (TCX=248, FP=50, IFG=41, STG=34, PHG=34, DLPFC=461). Following within-tissue normalization and covariate adjustment, predictive weights to impute expression components based on a gene’s surrounding cis-variants were trained. The FUSION pipeline was modified to support input of pre-scaled expression values and provide support for cross validation with a repeated measure design arising from the presence of multiple transcriptome samples from the same individual across different tissues.ResultsCis-variant architecture alone was informative to train weights and impute expression for 6780 (49.67%) autosomal genes, the majority of which significantly correlated with gene expression; FDR < 5%: N=6775 (99.92%), Bonferroni: N=6716 (99.06%). Validation of weights in 515 matched genotype to RNASeq profiles from the CommonMind Consortium (CMC) was (72.14%) in DLPFC profiles. Association of imputed expression components from all 2003 genotype profiles yielded 8 genes significantly associated with AD (FDR < 0.05); APOC1, EED, CD2AP, CEACAM19, CLPTM1, MTCH2, TREM2, KNOP1.ConclusionWe provide evidence of cis-genetic variation conferring AD risk through 8 genes across six distinct genomic loci. Moreover, we provide expression weights for 6780 genes as a valuable resource to the community, which can be abstracted across the neocortex and a wide range of neuronal phenotypes.

scholarly journals Feminist Music Therapists in North America: Their Lives and Their Practices

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Curtis
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Community Music ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
The Impact

This survey study investigated the lives and practices of those in North America who self-identify as feminist music therapists. Earlier reports from this survey studied: 1) the experiences of music therapists, with a comparison of men, women, and their 1990 counterparts (Curtis, 2013d); 2) the experiences of music therapists who self-identify as community music therapists (Curtis, 2015); and 3) the experiences of music therapists in Canada as they compare with their U.S. counterparts (Curtis, in press, a). This current and final report explored the experiences of those in Canada and the United States who self-identify as feminist music therapists (50 from the 682 respondents). Areas of similarities and differences were noted between feminist music therapy respondents, Community Music Therapy respondents, and survey respondents as a whole. Similarities existed in terms of: age; gender (predominantly female) and ethnicity makeup (predominantly Caucasian); career satisfaction; and degree and nature of concerns in their lives. Differences existed in that: 1) greater numbers of feminist music therapy respondents worked in academic settings and had higher levels of education; 2) more feminist music therapists felt there was an impact of sex discrimination in peoples’ lives than did the community music therapists, or survey respondents as a whole (98%, 68.5%, and 67% respectively); 3) more feminist music therapy respondents held concerns about discrimination across many other intersections such as race/ethnicity and sexual orientation (98%, 74%, and 76% respectively); and 4) significantly more in Canada self-identified as feminist music therapists than did their U.S. counterparts. Qualitative analysis of respondents’ thoughts on feminist music therapy identified the following themes: being a feminist, belief and orientation, and working for empowerment and equality. The potential contribution that feminist music therapy offers the music therapy profession as a whole was highlighted in terms of its understanding of the impact of multiple sources of marginalization and privilege. This potential contribution could be enhanced through future research into the profiles of feminist music therapists living in other parts of the world.

scholarly journals A review of the research on music therapy in hospice care

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-183
Author(s):  
Meng-Xue Fu ◽  
Qin Lin ◽  
Ji-Jun Wu ◽  
Xiao-Li Zhong ◽  
Ling-Na Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Data Statistics ◽  
Care At Home

AbstractObjectiveTo summarize the research progress of music therapy in hospice care and to provide reference for further research.MethodsA wide range of literatures on music therapy and hospice care at home and abroad were searched and read, and the literature was integrated, judged, analyzed, and summarized.ResultsThe related research on music therapy in hospice care mainly focused on western developed countries such as Europe and the United States. China is still in the stage of theoretical exploration, lacking qualitative research based on case investigation and empirical research based on data statistics.ConclusionsMusic therapy supports the management of symptoms in hospice care, which can meet the diverse needs of patients and their family members including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual.

Handbook of Music, Adolescents, and Wellbeing

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Music Psychology ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Music And Identity

The Handbook of Music, Adolescents, and Wellbeing explores how young people use music to work with emotions, identity construction, and connectedness, drawing on perspectives from music therapy, music psychology, music education, and music sociology. Authors provide examples of how theory and research is applied in the practice of music therapists working with groups of adolescents and individuals in schools, communities, hospitals, and other institutions. Research into music and emotions is synthesized, and theories about music and identity construction are provided. The ways that young people use music for connections is explored with a particular emphasis on technology, as well as traditional face-to-face connectedness. The Handbook is written for those interested in promoting adolescent wellbeing using music.

The World is Alive! Music Therapy with Adults with Learning Disabilities

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Watson
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Challenging Behavior ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cognitive Disability ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adults With Learning Disabilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
End Of Life Issues

This chapter describes music therapy work with adults with learning disabilities. This group of people have a cognitive disability that will not change, bringing with it challenges to living a fulfilled and satisfying life and sometimes associated health issues. A wide range of issues, from severe communication problems, bereavement, mental health problems, challenging behavior, to end-of-life issues require music therapists to bring a wide range of skills and approaches to their work. This chapter presents the diagnosis and history of this population, and the history of music therapy work in the area. The process of therapy is described, treatment models, and methods considered and clinical examples given.

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