Evaluation of two AI software for the diagnosis of TB infection : A study protocol (Preprint)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faiz Mohd Hisham ◽  
Noor Aliza Lodz ◽  
Eida Nurhadzira Muhammad ◽  
Hasmah Mohamed Haris ◽  
Mohd Ihsani Mahmood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Annual Growth Rate ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Medical Reports ◽  
Group A

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) profile in Malaysia showed an average annual growth rate of 2.23%, with an estimated 92 cases per 100,000 people reported in 2018. CXR remains the best conventional method for the early detection of pulmonary TB infection. The intervention of AI in TB diagnosis could efficiently aid human interpreters and reduce health professionals' work burden. To date, no evaluation of AI studies has been carried out in Malaysia. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy and evaluate the performance of Qure.ai and Putra Analytica AI software. METHODS We will conduct a retrospective case-control study in Respiratory Medicine Institute (IPR), Kuala Lumpur Health Clinic and Bandar Botanik Klang Health Clinic. Patients' medical reports on TB investigation will be retrieved by accessing electronic and hardcopy medical records and collecting demographic data. Prior to conducting the study, patients' PTB status will be obtained by identifying MTB culture (reference standard) results in order to create a case and a control group. A total of 2000 CXR images will be retrieved, of which 1000 images will be the case (abnormality). Normal and abnormal CXR will be categorized into film and digital CXR, which will be screened onto the said AI software (index tests). RESULTS Results obtained from the AI software will be compared with the reference standard, and significant statistical analysis will be computed CONCLUSIONS We hope that the findings of this evaluation study will provide sufficient information for stakeholders and to implement AI technology in the medical imaging field for better management of TB in hospital and clinic settings.

21. GONORRHOEA INFECTION IN SYDNEY WOMEN

Sexual Health ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
C. R. Emerson ◽  
P. McDonagh ◽  
A. McNulty ◽  
E. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Tubal Factor ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Clinic Population ◽  
General Community

Background: Gonorrhoea is associated with undesirable reproductive health outcomes in women including pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal factor infertility. However there is low prevalence in the general community and some authors have suggested that only those women with risk factors should be tested. But can we predict who will have a positive gonorrhoea result? Methods: A retrospective, case controlled, study was undertaken in an inner Sydney public Sexual Health clinic between January 2000 and December 2005. Cases were all women with culture proven cervical n.gonorrheoea infection in the time period. These were case matched with subsequent women with a negative gonorrhoea culture test. Variables examined included demographics, sex worker status, country of birth, injecting drug use (IDU) status, presence of symptoms and concurrent STIs. Results: There were 40 women who were n.gonorrhoea culture positive during the study period and 27 cases and 23 controls reported any genital symptoms. (what were the confidence intervals?) The relative risk of having gonorrhoea if discharge was described was 1.75 (p�<�0.05). The cases had a high rate of concurrent STI including chlamydia. Conclusions: The only significant predictor of gonorrhoea in this group was the symptom of vaginal discharge. Thus in our clinic population behaviour, demographic data or cannot be used to determine who gets tested for gonorrhoea.

IVH in VLBW Preterm Babies – Therapy with Recombinant Activated F VII?

2017 ◽  
Vol 229 (06) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Knüpfer ◽  
Jenny Ritter ◽  
Ferdinand Pulzer ◽  
Corinna Gebauer ◽  
Nadine Wolf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Fresh Frozen Plasma ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus ◽  
Activated Factor Vii ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Group A

Abstract Backround Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) remains a dangerous and frequent complication in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Activated factor VII (aFVII) activates the coagulation cascade and is a potential tool for stopping active bleeding, including limiting the extent of an IVH. This retrospective treatment observation compared data for infants with IVH progression treated with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) alone or with a combination of FFP and aFVII. Methods/Intervention All infants were subject to cranial ultrasonography at least twice daily. When an IVH was detected, treatment with FFP (5–20 ml/kg every 4–6 h) was commenced and the parents were informed. If the parents endorsed aFVII treatment and the IVH showed progress, aFVII (30–50 µg/kg body weight 4–6 times within 16–24 h) was given. Otherwise, infants were treated with FFP only. We compared the course of IVH between the aFVII+FFP treated infants and a control group (FFP only). Results 35 patients throughout were included in the analysis (17 control and 18 aFVII group). Demographic data was not different between groups. The progress of IVH was significantly less in the aFVII group (p<0.01). During the hospital stay, 2 of the infants in the aFVII group died compared to 4 in the control group. A posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus developed in 3 aFVII and 6 control infants. All other outcome parameters and follow-up-results 2 years after treatment did not differ significantly. Conclusion These data show that in the case of a progressing IVH, aFVII may be a candidate for limiting its extent. A prospective randomized trial is warranted.

scholarly journals Does the etiology of infertility have any effect on perinatal outcomes?

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songül Alemdaroğlu ◽  
Gülşen Doğan Durdağ ◽  
Şafak Yılmaz Baran ◽  
Tayfun Çok ◽  
Erhan Şimşek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Objective: Pregnancies after in vitro fertilization (IVF) are associated with a less favorable outcome compared to natural conception as consistently shown in various studies. However, etiologic factors behind this issue remain to be elucidated. We aimed to demonstrate whether the etiology of infertility has a role on poor pregnancy outcomes in IVF pregnancies. Methods: In this retrospective case control study; IVF and spontaneous singleton pregnancies were investigated. The infertile patients were divided into six groups according to the etiology of their infertility (anovulation, male factor, tubal factor, endometriosis, unexplained infertility and poor ovarian reserve). The incidence of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, preterm birth and birth weight discrepancies was examined between the groups and subgroups. After adjusting the confounding variables for each infertility subgroup such as demographic data, embryo stage in transfer (blastocyst against cleavage stage) and fresh and frozen embryo transfer status, the effect on pregnancy outcomes was investigated using multinomial logistic regression analysis. Results: The study included 934 patients in the IVF group and 1009 patients in the control group. While adverse pregnancy outcomes were more frequent in the general infertility group in comparison to the control group, after elimination of the confounding variables, the direct effect of the etiology of infertility on these outcomes could not be shown. Conclusion: In the IVF pregnancies, most of the increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes appeared to be explained by maternal characteristics (such as age, body mass index) and by treatment protocols rather than infertility etiology. Physicians should consider these risks while counselling patients.

scholarly journals Dynamic spine hyperflexion is related to vertebral compression fractures in postmenopausal women

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZhiRong Zheng ◽  
Tian Tian ◽  
WeiBo Liu ◽  
XiangYu Wang ◽  
Meng Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Compression Fractures ◽  
Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures ◽  
Fracture Prevalence

Abstract Background: Previous studies on osteoporotic vertebral fractures are usually based on the neutral posture of the spine; however, the fractures are usually associated with the curvature of the spine. Therefore, we aimed to ascertain the relationship between vertebral compression fractures and thoracolumbar hyperflexion Cobb angles (TLHCobb) and determine the clinical cut-off of the TLHCobb angle.Methods: In this retrospective case-control study, TLHCobbs were collected from 154 postmenopausal women with thoracolumbar fractures (study group) and 310 postmenopausal women with lumbar instability or spondylolisthesis (control group). Demographic data, clinical data, and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) findings were compared between the groups. Chi-squared tests and unpaired t-tests were used to assess the group characteristics and proportions. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between vertebral compression fractures and TLHCobb.Results: Fracture prevalence was higher in the higher TLHCobb study group than that in the control group [OR = 2.81 (2.15–3.67)] after adjusting for age, BMI, and QCT findings. TLHCobbs at and > 20.05° were associated with an increased fracture prevalence and ORs of 2.79 (1.82–4.27) and 4.83 (3.24–7.20), respectively. TLHCobb and QCT values differed between the study and control groups (p < 0.001 for both). There were no significant differences in body mass index (BMI), disk height, or coronal TLCobb between the two groups.Conclusion: There was an association between the prevalence of vertebral compression fractures and TLHCobbs in postmenopausal women, and a TLHCobb > 20.05° can be an indicator of vertebral fracture.

scholarly journals The Comparative Effects of Listening to Prayer Recitation and Music Therapy Intraoperatively on Postoperative Pain

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Syaza Rahman ◽  
Nurlia Yahya ◽  
Nor Mohammad Md Din ◽  
Azarinah Izaham ◽  
Wan Rahiza Wan Mat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Pain Scores ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Introduction: Non-pharmacological interventions are considered as successful adjuncts to manage pain. We are studying the comparative effects of listening to prayer recitation and music therapy intraoperatively as non-pharmacological interventions on postoperative pain and intraoperative haemodynamics. Materials and Methods: Seventy two muslim patients with acute appendicitis requiring open, emergency appendicectomies under general anaesthesia were recruited and randomised into three groups: Group A: patients who listened to prayer recitation, Group B: patients who listened to music, Group C: control group - patients who did not listen to any prayer or music. Intraoperative blood pressure, heart rate and postoperative pain scores were monitored. Results: The demographic data, pre- and post-headphones application haemodynamics were compared. There were significantly lower heart rates at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 minutes for Group A and at 50 and 60 minutes for Group B patients when compared to Group C. Significant reduction in postoperative pain scores were seen in Group A patients at 30 minutes and 8 hours as compared to Group C patients. No significant differences in pain scores were seen between Group B and C patients. No significant differences in additional analgesic requirements postoperatively were seen in all three groups. Conclusion: Listening to prayer recitation or music intraoperatively significantly lowered intraoperative heart rates, however only prayer recitation significantly reduced postoperative pain scores as compared to the control group.

scholarly journals Increased Severity of Complications After Therapeutic ERCP in Geriatric Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis: An Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Yao Guo ◽  
Wen-Bin Zou ◽  
Jia-Hui Zhu ◽  
Nan Ru ◽  
Jun Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Success Rate ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Therapeutic Ercp ◽  
Group B

Abstract Background: Studies of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in geriatric patients have mainly examined patients with biliary diseases, rather than chronic pancreatitis (CP). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and success rate of therapeutic ERCP in geriatric patients with CP. Methods: This was an observational study from prospectively collected data. The medical records of patients with CP aged over 65 years (Group A) were collected in a tertiary hospital from January 2013 to December 2018. Sex-matched CP patients under 65 years (Group B) were randomly selected into the control group (matching ratio = 1:2). Collected data included demographic data, endoscopic findings, interventions, success, and complications. The success rate and the complication rate of therapeutic ERCP in two groups were compared with chi-square test. The risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis.Results: A total of 268 ERCPs were performed in 179 patients of Group A and 612 ERCPs in 358 patients of Group B. The success rate of ERCP in Group A was similar to that of Group B (92.16% vs 92.32%; P=0.936). The overall incidence of post-ERCP complications was 7.09% (19/268) and 5.72% (35/612) in Group A and B, respectively (P=0.436). However, geriatric patients had a significantly increased occurrence of moderate to severe complications (2.61% vs 0.16%; P=0.002). Female gender (OR=3.40; 95% CI, 1.02-11.31; P=0.046), pancreas divisum (OR=7.15; 95% CI, 1.01-50.62; P=0.049), dorsal pancreatogram (OR=7.40; 95% CI, 1.63-33.64; P=0.010), and lithotripsy (OR=0.15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.70; P=0.016) were significantly associated with risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis in geriatric patients.Conclusions: Therapeutic ERCP is safe and feasible in elderly patients with CP. However, occurrence of moderate to severe complications after ERCP increased in geriatric patients.Trial registration: retrospectively registered.

scholarly journals Prognostic Laboratory Parameters in Placental Abruption: A Retrospective Case-Control Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pils ◽  
Paternostro ◽  
Bekos ◽  
Hager ◽  
Ristl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
Placental Abruption ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Laboratory Parameters ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Group A

To evaluate routine laboratory parameters in women with and without placental abruption (PA) and in controls, 417 women were included in this retrospective cohort study in a tertiary-care center. 118 women with PA (Group A: 54 without vaginal bleeding and Group B: 64 with bleeding), 130 women without either PA or vaginal bleeding throughout their pregnancy (Group C), 123 women with vaginal bleeding but without PA (Group D), and 46 healthy pregnant women who had undergone a control laboratory evaluation in the second/third trimester for history of previous cytomegalovirus (additional control group) were included. Hemoglobin, leukocytes, thrombocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen were obtained within 48 hours before C-section and/or at the time of bleeding onset. Cases (Groups A and B) revealed higher CRP levels than controls (Groups C and D) after multivariate analysis in the sub-analyses of bleeding (0.56 mg/dL, interquartile range (IQR) 0.28–1.24 vs. 0.51 mg/dL, IQR 0.28–0.84; odds ratio (OR) 1.108, p = 0.006) and non-bleeding women (0.64 mg/dL, IQR 0.48–1.08 vs. 0.32 mg/dL, IQR 0.18–0.61; OR 7.454, p < 0.001). The non-bleeding cases (Group A) revealed significantly higher leukocyte (12.01 g/L, IQR 9.41–14.10 vs. 9.21 g/L, IQR 7.95–10.49; OR 1.378, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.095–1.735; p = 0.006) and CRP levels (0.64 mg/dL, IQR 0.48–1.08 vs. 0.33 mg/dL, IQR 0.20–0.50; OR 7.942, 95% CI: 1.435–43.958; p = 0.018) than the additional control group. In cases, none of the laboratory parameters differed between women with and without bleeding. The significantly increased CRP levels found for women with PA and the lack of a difference in CRP between bleeding and non-bleeding cases point toward a chronic process underlying placental abruption. However, this laboratory parameter does not seem clinically relevant for distinguishing between women with and without placental abruption at this point in time.

scholarly journals Myopia: Efficacy of 1% Atropine in Retarding Progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 114-118
Author(s):  
Mashhood-uz-Zafar Farooq ◽  
◽  
Shama Mashhood ◽  
Sana Adeeba Islam ◽  
Raffat Rasool ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To determine the efficacy of 1% atropine eye drops in control of myopia progression. Methods: This was a Case control study, conducted at the Mohsin Family Health Clinic, Block-16, Federal B Area, Karachi, during January 2018 to December 2019. A total of 194 (97 cases and 97 controls) cases were included in the study by the calculation of online software openepi.com. The Treatment Group was given 1% atropine eye drops while Control Group received no treatment. The follow-up of all the cases was carried out according to the follow-up schedule for a total period of one year. All the demographic data, clinical findings and the follow-up results were recorded on a proforma designed for the study, and the results were tabulated. Results: A total of 194 children age 6-15 with best corrected visual acuity 6/6 were recruited in this study. Half of the children were included in treatment group who received once a day application of 1% atropine eye drops at bedtime. The other half received no treatment and were taken as control group. Mean spherical equivalent refraction (SER) at baseline was 2.93±0.69 of Treatment Group and 2.98±0.61 of control group with insignificant P-value of 0.461. After 1-year treatment statistically significant difference with P-value 0.001, was observed with SER 3.37±0.91 in Treatment Group and 3.69±0.94 in control group. Conclusion: Atropine 1% eye drops is well tolerated and is found efficacious in controlling myopia progression.

scholarly journals Pathways to conspiracy: the social and linguistic precursors of involvement in Reddit's conspiracy theory forum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Klein ◽  
Peter Clutton ◽  
Adam G. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Social Spaces ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
The Social ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Group A ◽  
Substantial Heterogeneity ◽  
Control Study

Conspiracy beliefs are common, and can cause harm to individuals and their communities. Our aim was to examine the social and linguistic characteristics of forum users who became active participants in a large online conspiracy forum. The study is a retrospective case-control study using a large dataset from the online forum network Reddit, comparing users who would go on to post comments in a conspiracy forum with a group of control users. The analyses show that prior to posting in conspiracy forums, these users consistently exhibited anger and used third person pronouns disproportionately more often than the control group. A community structure analysis of these users revealed substantial heterogeneity---users from different communities varied in both linguistic characteristics and in the topics of the forums in which they were involved. The results suggest that a desire to belong to an in-group and mechanisms for reinforcing opinions through peer feedback appeared to create social spaces in which conspiracy beliefs were normalised, and these social spaces were not specific to ideologies and interests traditionally associated with conspiracy belief.

scholarly journals Hyperbaric oxygenation in prevention of amputations of diabetic foot

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-372
Author(s):  
Zvezdan Stefanovic ◽  
Branislav Donfrid ◽  
Tomislav Jovanovic ◽  
Zoran Zoric ◽  
Radmila Radojevic-Popovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Therapy ◽  
Diabetic Foot ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Treatment Result ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Background/Aim. Diabetic foot is the term for the pathological changes on foot in patients with diabetes. It is caused by diabetic angiopathy, polyneuropathy and osteoarthropathy. The treatment is complex and long-term and often leads to the loss of the extremity. The appliance of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has a lot more important place in adjuvant treatment of this disease. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of HBOT on the wound healing in comparison with the conventional treatment, the possibility of shortening the time of the treatment in patients with diabetic foot. Methods. In a fiveyear period a retrospective-prospective multicentric study, involving 60 patients with diabetic foot divided into two groups, was performed. The first group (group A) consisted of 30 patients treated by combined therapy (with medications, surgical therapy and HBOT). All the patients were receiving HBOT in the Special Hospital for Hyperbaric Medicine, CHM Hollywell-Neopren in Belgrade. The control group (group B) also consisted of 30 patients treated with medications and surgical therapy, but without HBOT. Results. The demographic data, the types of diabetes, as well as the Wagner classification stage of diabetic ulcers and radiography scans of changes in bones were equal in both groups. The median healing time of the Wagner grade III ulcer in the group A was 37.36 days [mean ? standard deviation (SD) = 65.6 ? 45.8 days], and in the group B 99.78 days (mean ? SD = 134.8 ? 105.96 days) and it was statistically significant (p = 0.074). The median time of recovery in patients of the group A with the Wagner grade IV was 48.18 days (mean ? SD = 49.7 ? 33.8 days), and in the group B 85.05 days (mean ? SD = 86.7 ? 71.6 days) and that was statistically significant (p = 0.121). The foot amputations were performed in both groups in 3 (10%) patients. In the group A there were no high amputations, whereas in the group B there were 4 (13.33%) below-knee amputations and 4 (13.33%) above-knee amputations which was highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. In this study, HBOT definitely showed positive adjuvant role in the treatment of diabetic foot. For the good treatment result it is essential the timely and successful surgical treatment of the ulcer and the use of bandage with the healing dressings. In case of the clear signs of local infection, the antibiotic therapy according to the antibiogram is necessary.

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