scholarly journals Terminology for Children in Sumerian Administrative Records

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitali Bartash
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Administrative Practice ◽  
Strong Resemblance ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Characteristic Features

Region:    Southern Mesopotamia = Sumer.Period:     Ca. 3200-2000 BC, i.e. Early Bronze Age.Sources:    Administrative cuneiform texts from temple and palace archives.Subject:    Children of low-rank social status in temple and palace households. Aims:   1) Systematize the terminology for children and offer an overview of its development.2) Identify what biological social characteristics of children are hiding behind these terms.3) Recognize the characteristic features in the terminology for children. Methods: Philological, historical, sociological (sex-age groups/classes). Key facts:   1) Children as dependents in central households appear in cuneiform records as early as the Uruk IV Period (ca. 3350-3250 BC).2) The documents enable to reconstruct several sets of terms to describe human resources in temple and palace households. A substantial part of these terms describe two main biological characteristics of children: their sex and age group.3) Originally, during the earliest periods, the terminology for humans and children in particular bore a strong resemblance with the terms for animals, which implies that the former is an offshoot of the latter.Main point: Other age groups, adults and elderly, received specific terms that were reserved exclusively to designate these age groups. The striking fact conclusion about the child terminology is that it obstinately remained dependent on the terminology for animal youth.The comparison of the bureaucratic terms for children with the lexical evidence (“ancient dictionaries”) demonstrates that the rich selection of terms within the field “children/childhood” that existed in the Sumerian society did not find reception in the administrative practice. 

scholarly journals National Surveillance of Injury in the Republic of Korea: Increased Injury Vulnerability in the Late Middle Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Hansol Chang ◽  
Ji Young Min ◽  
Dajeong Yoo ◽  
Se Uk Lee ◽  
Sung Yeon Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Age ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Admission Rate ◽  
Age Group ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Early Prevention ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Prevention Methods ◽  
Injury Outcomes

Surveillance of injury patterns and comparisons among different age groups help develop a better understanding of recent injury trends and early prevention. This study conducted a national surveillance of injury by age group. Data were collected retrospectively from Emergency Department-Based Injury In-Depth Surveillance (EDIIS) in South Korea, between January 2011 and December 2017. Patients were divided into the following four groups by age: Group 1–18 to 34 years, Group 2–35 to 49 years, Group 3–50 to 64 years, and Group 4—≥65 years. A total of 1,221,746 patients were included in the study. Findings revealed that, each year, the injury rate increased in the population aged ≥65 years. The place and mechanism of injury in Group 3 were similar to those in younger age groups, while injury outcomes and injured body parts were similar to those in Group 4. Further, hospital admission rate, ICU admission rate, hospital death, traumatic brain injury, and injury severity increased with an increase in age. In our study, each age group showed diverse characteristics pertaining to the mechanism, place, time, and outcomes of injuries. Interestingly, Group 3, which represented the late middle age, exhibited increased vulnerability to injury, and emerged as a gray zone between the young and old age groups. Therefore, different injury prevention methods are needed for each age group. Specifically, early prevention methods need to be implemented from the late middle age to improve the old age group’s injury outcomes.

Optimal Propofol Plasma Concentration during Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Young, Middle-aged, and Elderly Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomiei Kazama ◽  
Ken Takeuchi ◽  
Kazuyuki Ikeda ◽  
Takehiko Ikeda ◽  
Mutsuhito Kikura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
Verbal Command ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Somatic Response ◽  
Group 1

Background Suitable propofol plasma concentrations during gastroscopy have not been determined for suppressing somatic and hemodynamic responses in different age groups. Methods Propofol sedation at target plasma concentrations from 0.5 to 4.0 microgram/ml were performed randomly in three groups of patients (23 per group) who were undergoing elective outpatient gastroscopy: ages 17-49 yr (group 1), 50-69 yr (group 2), and 70-89 yr (group 3). Plasma propofol concentration in which 50% of patients do not respond to these different stimuli were determined by logistic regression: verbal command (Cp50ls), somatic response to gastroscopy (Cp50endo), and gag response to gastroscopy (Cp50gag). Hemodynamic responses were also investigated in the different age groups. Results Cp50ls concentrations were 2.23 microgram/ml (group 1), 1.75 microgram/ml (group 2), and 1.40 microgram/ml (group 3). The Cp50endo values in groups 1 and 2 were 2.87 and 2.34 microgram/ml, respectively, which were significantly higher than their respective Cp50ls values. Cp50endo value in group 3 was 1.64 microgram/ml, which was close to its Cp50ls value. Because of a high degree of interpatient variability, Cp50gag could not be defined. Systolic blood pressure response decreased with increasing propofol concentrations. Conclusions The authors determined the propofol concentration necessary for gastroscopy and showed that increasing age reduces it. Propofol concentration that suppresses somatic response induces loss of consciousness in almost all young patients.

Abstract P75: Dissemination of CPR Skills to the Public - Can Schoolchildren Ensure Success?

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tonje Lorem ◽  
Aud Palm ◽  
Lars Wik
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
School Students ◽  
The Public ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Second Tier ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Training a large fraction of the general population in CPR could have major public health benefit if those most likely to witness cardiac arrest are trained. Mass distribution of self-training manikins as a two-tiered strategy with school children as first tier has been described as successful, but without information on second tier age or information strategy to second tier. We studied three different attempts at reaching older second tier persons. In groups 1 and 2 first tier consisted of 7 th graders and in group 3 high school and medical school students. Information about the desirable second tier age group was given in writing prior to the distribution. In groups 1 and 3 information was only directed towards first tier. In group 2 both first tier, their parents and teachers were informed. The first tier participants reported the number of second tier trained for age-groups 12–25 years, 25–50 years, and >50 years. Approximately 64000 (group 1), 63000 (group 2) and 81 (group 3) self-education kits were provided with 2.7, 1.9, and 3.7 lay-rescuers trained per kit respectively (p<0.05) (Table 1 ). Informing also the parents of the first tier prior to the distribution did not positively impact the number of second tier trained lay-rescuers, but higher age of first tier did. We speculate that 7 th graders are too young to successfully disseminate CPR to those most likely to witness out of hospital cardiac arrest. Table 1. Percentage reported trained in first and second tier divided into age-groups.

scholarly journals Observing the Tropical Atmosphere in Moisture Space

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 3313-3330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hauke Schulz ◽  
Bjorn Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Circulation Pattern ◽  
Large Scale Structure ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Tropical Atmosphere ◽  
Shallow Clouds ◽  
Self Aggregation

Measurements from the Barbados Cloud Observatory are analyzed to identify the processes influencing the distribution of moist static energy and the large-scale organization of tropical convection. Five years of water vapor and cloud profiles from a Raman lidar and cloud radar are composed to construct the structure of the observed atmosphere in moisture space. The large-scale structure of the atmosphere is similar to that now familiar from idealized studies of convective self-aggregation, with shallow clouds prevailing over a moist marine layer in regions of low-rank humidity, and deep convection in a nearly saturated atmosphere in regions of high-rank humidity. With supplementary reanalysis datasets the overall circulation pattern is reconstructed in moisture space, and shows evidence of a substantial lower-tropospheric component to the circulation. This shallow component of the circulation helps support the differentiation between the moist and dry columns, similar to what is found in simulations of convective self-aggregation. Radiative calculations show that clear-sky radiative differences can explain a substantial part of this circulation, with further contributions expected from cloud radiative effects. The shallow component appears to be important for maintaining the low gross moist stability of the convecting column. A positive feedback between a shallow circulation driven by differential radiative cooling and the low-level moisture gradients that help support it is hypothesized to play an important role in conditioning the atmosphere for deep convection. The analysis suggests that the radiatively driven shallow circulations identified by modeling studies as contributing to the self-aggregation of convection in radiative–convective equilibrium similarly play a role in shaping the intertropical convergence zone and, hence, the large-scale structure of the tropical atmosphere.

scholarly journals Determinants for Predicting the Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Cholecystectomy - A Prospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 3006-3009
Author(s):  
Sandeep Kumar Goyal ◽  
Gopal Singhal ◽  
Bhanu Pratap Sharma ◽  
Dinesh Mohan ◽  
Savita Savita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Scoring System ◽  
Open Cholecystectomy ◽  
Bladder Wall ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Group 3

BACKGROUND Laparoscopic surgery is a kind of minimal access surgery that obviates various complications which are encountered during open method, but the outcome of procedure varies according to condition of the patient. Knowledge of these factors may be used for the preoperative counselling of the patients regarding the successful outcome of the surgery as well as to herald the risk of conversion before undertaking patients. We wanted to evaluate the various preoperative factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open cholecystectomy.c METHODS A total of 100 patients of both sexes, from all age groups and socio-economic status was included in the study. All routine investigations and USG (Ultrasonography) were done. Risk factors assessed were age, sex, abdominal tenderness, gall bladder wall thickness, any history of para-umbilical surgery. Clinical evaluation was done for each included patient and score was given according to their signs and symptoms. Patients were categorised subsequently into mild (group 1 & 2), moderate (group 3 & 4) and severe (group 5) difficulty as per scoring method. RESULTS The mean age was 46.21 ± 13.36, ranging between 20 years to 80 years (95 % CI 43.56 to 48.86) with 89 females and 11 males. Among the converted group, 3 (18.75 %) participants were > 60 years of age and 2 (2.38 %) participants were of age < 60 years. According to patient's expected level of difficulty in laparoscopic cholecystectomy and according to scoring system, patients were categorised as mild, moderate and severe. A total of 81 patients were categorised as mild, 17 as moderate and 2 as severe. Conversion rate is 0 % in mild difficulty group, 17.64 % in moderate difficulty group and 100 % in severe difficulty group. CONCLUSIONS Difficulty and conversion risk may be predicted accurately by using the scoring system. Surging scores indicated marked increase in difficulty levels intraoperatively and thus affects the conversion rates. Thus, it can be concluded that the scoring system accurately assessed the conversion rates of laparoscopic cholecystectomy preoperatively to open surgery. Higher scores indicated increase in difficulty level. KEYWORDS Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy, Open Cholecystectomy, Determinants

scholarly journals National Surveillance of Injury in Children and Adolescents in the Republic of Korea: 2011–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 9132
Author(s):  
Soo Hyun Park ◽  
Ji Young Min ◽  
Won Cul Cha ◽  
Ik Joon Jo ◽  
Taerim Kim
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Prevention Potential ◽  
Group 1

Understanding age-specific injury patterns allows the continued improvement of prevention strategies. This is a retrospective study analyzing the Korea Emergency Department-Based Injury In-depth Surveillance data, including those aged ≤19 years old between January 2011 and December 2017. In this study, we focused on changes in the modes of injury and severity, and prevention potential by dividing the patients into four age groups: group 1 (0–4 years), group 2 (5–9 years), group 3 (10–14 years), and group 4 (15–19 years). The most common mode of injury in younger age groups 1 and 2 was a fall or slip. Most injuries in older age groups 3 and 4 were unintentional and intentional collisions combined. Traumatic brain injuries (2.1%), intensive care unit admissions (1.8%), and overall death (0.4%) were the highest in group 4. The proportions of severe and critical injury (EMR-ISS ≥ 25) were 7.5% in group 4, 3.2% in group 3, 2.5% in group 1, and 1% in group 2. This study presents a comprehensive trend of injuries in the pediatric population in South Korea. Our results suggest the importance of designing specific injury-prevention strategies for targeted groups, circumstances, and situations.

scholarly journals Interaction Between Age and Change in Velocity During a Baseball Training Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596712092793
Author(s):  
Christopher Antonacci ◽  
Thomas R. Atlee ◽  
Peter N. Chalmers ◽  
Christopher Hadley ◽  
Meghan E. Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Baseball Pitchers ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Group 1

Background: Pitching velocity is one of the most important metrics used to evaluate a baseball pitcher’s effectiveness. The relationship between age and pitching velocity after a lighter ball baseball training program has not been determined. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between age and pitching velocity after a lighter ball baseball training program. We hypothesized that pitching velocity would significantly increase in all adolescent age groups after a lighter baseball training program, without a significant difference in magnitude of increase based on age. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Baseball pitchers aged 10 to 17 years who completed a 15-week training program focused on pitching mechanics and velocity improvement were included in this study. Pitchers were split into 3 groups based on age (group 1, 10-12 years; group 2, 13-14 years; group 3, 15-17 years), and each group trained independently. Pitch velocity was assessed at 4 time points (sessions 3, 10, 17, and 25). Mean, maximum, and mean change in pitch velocity between sessions were compared by age group. Results: A total of 32 male baseball pitchers were included in the analysis. Mean/maximum velocity increased in all 3 age groups: 3.4/4.8 mph in group 1, 5.3/5.5 mph in group 2, and 5.3/5.2 mph in group 3. While mean percentage change in pitch velocity increased in all 3 age groups (group 1, 6.5%; group 2, 8.3%; group 3, 7.6%), the magnitude of change was not significantly different among age groups. Program session number had a significant effect on mean and maximum velocity, with higher mean and maximum velocity seen at later sessions in the training program ( P = .018). There was no interaction between age and program session within either mean or maximum velocity ( P = .316 and .572, respectively). Conclusion: Age had no significant effect on the magnitude of increase in maximum or mean baseball pitch velocity during a velocity and mechanics training program in adolescent males.

Influence of Comorbidity on Outcome after Pulmonary Resection in the Elderly

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Beshay ◽  
Patrick Dorn ◽  
Hans-Beat Ris ◽  
Ralph A Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Resection ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Lung Resection ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Major Complications ◽  
Proper Patient Selection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 3

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of comorbidity on outcome after pulmonary resection in patients over 75 years old. Three hundred and thirty-three patients with non-small-cell lung cancer operated on between 1998 and 2002 were divided into 3 age groups: < 60 years (group 1), 60–75 years (group 2), > 75 years (group 3). Overall operative mortality was 0.3%; 30-day mortality was 1%. There were more major complications with re-operation in groups 1 and 2, but minor complications occurred significantly more frequently in group 3 (36% vs 16%). Overall mean hospital stay was 12 days, with no significant difference among groups. Three-year survival rates were: 80%, 70%, and 65% in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with no significant difference among groups. Age or the presence of comorbidity should not be considered contraindications for lung resection. With proper patient selection and careful preoperative evaluation, many major complications after pneumonectomy are avoidable.

Reliability and Predictive Validity of Dental Arch Relationships Using the 5-Year-Olds’ Index and the GOSLON Yardstick to Determine Facial Growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562096097
Author(s):  
Marie Pegelow ◽  
Sara Rizell ◽  
Agneta Karsten ◽  
Hans Mark ◽  
Jan Lilja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Prediction Rate ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Over Time

Aims: To determine reliability and predictive validity of the 5-year-olds’(5YO) Index and GOSLON Yardstick in 119 patients born with unilateral cleft lip and palate at 5, 7/8, 10, 15/16, and 19 years. Methods: Five hundred thirty-four dental study models were appraised by 2 teams in 2 centers, twice in each center. Intrateam and interteam reliability in scoring the models was calculated using κ. Dental arch prediction rates were calculated as the proportion of models remaining in the same category (good–scores 1 and 2; fair–score 3; poor–scores 4 and 5) over time. Results: Intrateam and interteam κ statistics ranged from 0.74 to 0.89 and from 0.74 to 0.81, respectively. The 5YO Index and GOSLON Yardstick at 5 years produced almost identical results. The prediction rate of 19-year-old (n = 106) outcome was >80% for those in groups 1 and 2 at 5 years, while for those in groups 4 and 5 prediction was poor (<40%). Prediction of groups 4 and 5 remained poor until 10 years when it increased to 77%. At 15/16 years prediction rate was 93% for those in groups 4 and 5. Prediction of cases in group 3 was very poor at all ages. Conclusions: These results question the predictive value of “poor” dental arch relationships before 10 years of age. However, the predictive value of “good” dental arch relationship scores over time is good in all age groups. This has implications for audit policies to predict facial growth outcomes.

scholarly journals Ecological Status and Peoples’ Perception of Mistletoes in Panchase Protected Forest, Central Nepal Himalayas

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Dipak Bohora ◽  
Mohan P. Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stakeholder Involvement ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge System ◽  
The Family ◽  
Mountainous Communities ◽  
The Rich ◽  
High Degree

 Realizing the importance of Panchase Protected Forest, an important corridor of the Chitwan-Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) area, the ecological status and peoples’ perception of mistletoe was studied to supplement the information on mistletoes of Nepal Himalayas. Mistletoes were studied along the forest trails and data were collected within 10 m radius plots 20 m inside the trails to record the incidence of mistletoe occurrence and severity of infection during three field visits in 1917 and 1918. Fifty people were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and Biodiversity Conservation Confidence Index was calculated to understand peoples' perceptions about mistletoes. A total of seven mistletoe species, six belonging to four genera in the family Loranthaceae, and a single genus in the family Viscaceae were documented from 27 host species belonging to 24 genera in 18 unrelated angiosperm host families. Loranthaceae mistletoes were more generalists having a wide host range while Viscaceae mistletoe showed a high degree of host specificity. The irregular and patchy distribution of mistletoe is governed by host availability, forest structure, and site mesoclimate. Knowledge regarding the importance and uses of mistletoes and its values in natural plant communities is limited to older generation people. Age groups, profession, and the mechanism of indigenous knowledge inheritance in the rural mountainous communities of the Panchase area are very poor and are eroding rapidly which is against promoting the indigenous knowledge system especially in the younger generation. More conservation initiatives are needed through the stakeholder involvement to protect the rich biodiversity of the area.

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