Environmental context
Alkanes, major constituents of vehicle exhausts, are emitted to the atmosphere where they react, chiefly by gas-phase reactions with the hydroxyl radical, to form products which can also react further. In laboratory experiments, we studied the further reactions of a model first-generation alkane reaction product. Understanding alkane reaction chains is important because the toxicity, secondary aerosol formation and other properties of vehicle emissions can change as new compounds are formed.
Abstract
1,4-Hydroxycarbonyls are major products of the gas-phase reactions of alkanes with OH radicals, and in the atmosphere they will react with OH radicals or undergo acid-catalysed cyclisation with subsequent dehydration to form highly reactive dihydrofurans. 3-Oxobutanal (CH3C(O)CH2CHO) and 4-oxopentanal (CH3C(O)CH2CH2CHO) are first-generation products of the OH radical-initiated reaction of 5-hydroxy-2-pentanone (CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2OH). The behaviours of 3-oxobutanal and 4-oxopentanal have been monitored during OH+5-hydroxy-2-pentanone reactions carried out in the presence of NO, using solid phase microextraction fibres coated with O-(2,3,4,5,6,-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxyl amine (PFBHA) for on-fibre derivatisation of carbonyl compounds and an annular denuder coated with XAD resin and further coated with PFBHA. The time-concentration data for 4-oxopentanal during OH+5-hydroxy-2-pentanone reactions were independent of relative humidity (0–50%), and were consistent with a rate constant for OH+4-oxopentanal of (1.2±0.5)×10–11cm3 molecule–1s–1 at 296±2K, a factor of 2 lower than both literature rate constants for other aldehydes and that estimated using a structure-reactivity approach. The molar formation yield for 4-oxopentanal from OH+5-hydroxy-2-pentanone in the presence of NO was determined to be 17±5%, consistent with predictions based on a structure-reactivity relationship and current knowledge of the subsequent reaction mechanisms.
The formation of urea in space
