A Theoretical Investigation into Phase Change Clothing Benefits for Firefighters under Extreme Conditions

Author(s):  
Geoffry N. Mercer ◽  
Harvinder S Sidhu

We investigate the thermal performance of protective clothing that has an embedded phase change layer. Heat absorption due to phase change within the material is used to limit the thermal penetration of heat into the material and hence to the firefighter. The distribution of temperature within the fabric and skin during the exposure to an extreme firefighting situation is determined. To determine the protective nature of the clothing, we also include a model of the skin as three layers with differing thermal properties namely the epidermis, dermis and the subcutaneous layer. In our model, we have also incorporated the air gap between the garment and the body. The mathematical model is used to predict the duration of fire exposure during which the garment is able to protect the firefighter from getting first and second degree burns.

2014 ◽  
Vol 590 ◽  
pp. 451-457
Author(s):  
Sen Nan Song ◽  
Fa Chao Jiang ◽  
Hong Shi

The present work is concerned with the rolling motion of the battery pack when EV travelling on the road. First McPherson suspension system was regarded as the research object with detailed analysis of its structural features and motion characteristics. Establish the mathematical model which could apply to calculating the rolling motion of the vehicle body. Through MATLAB/Simulink simulation software, we could calculate the rolling angle on passive suspension. On this basis, assume that the battery pack mounted on the vehicle body and make it passive connection and PID connection. When the body rolls, the battery pack will produce a certain angle then. Next establish the mathematical model to summarize the relationship between the two variables. Then we set the parameters and calculate the roll angle of battery pack in both cases for comparison. Simulation results show that road irregularities will make battery rotate an angle and PID controller can effectively reduce the angle, especially angular acceleration. This paper put forward a new idea that battery is connected with body by active control on EV, and proves the superiority in reducing the rolling angle.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Anastasia Goncharova ◽  
Maria Vil'

The paper presents the implementation of the mathematical model of cancer taking into account interference competition and the model of continuous treatment with a constant concentration of the drug in the patient's blood. The implementation was carried out using the MATLAB SimBiology application package. The principle of implementation of different stages of the course of the disease within the framework of one model is described. On the basis of the constructed models and SimBiology tools, a modification was carried out that implements the discrete administration of doses of the drug in courses and takes into account its dynamics in the body, taking into account the assumption that the drug is consumed only to suppress cancerous cells.


2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Shaid ◽  
Lijing Wang ◽  
Stanley M. Fergusson ◽  
Rajiv Padhye

Phase change material (PCM) in firefighting garment enhances protection and comfort. Wearing a protective clothing containing PCM, while fighting the fire, is a direct risk to the wearer as most PCMs used are flammable. This article reports a solution by using aerogel. Thermal liner fabric was treated with PCM and/or aerogel and then their thermal properties were analyzed. It has been found that the mean ignition time of PCM-containing thermal liner is around 3.3 s in current case while this value significantly increased to 5.5 s when the combination of aerogel and PCM was used. Moreover, the weight of the liner fabric with aerogel decreased in comparison to PCM-containing liner. Aerogel also slowed down the spreading of flame in PCM-containing fabric. Aerogel–coated liner showed superior heat resistance and the combination of aerogel with PCM increased the thermal resistance of PCM-containing liner.


2013 ◽  
Vol 649 ◽  
pp. 295-298
Author(s):  
Lubomir Klimes ◽  
Pavel Charvát ◽  
Josef Stetina

The paper deals with the mathematical model of the multi-layer wall containing the phase change material (PCM). The model utilizes the effective heat capacity method for modeling the latent heat of phase change and the control volume method is used for the discretization of the model. The utilization of the model is then demonstrated on the problem of the optimal design of the multi-layer wall with the PCM. The TMY2 data for the city of Brno were used in simulations as operational conditions. The main attention is aimed at the determination of the optimal thickness of the PCM layer for the multi-layer wall design with various thicknesses of the masonry.


Author(s):  
Wei Gao ◽  
Benbing Gao ◽  
Hongsong Fang ◽  
Xin Lu

In this paper, the full strap-down seeker of rotating bomb is taken as the research object, and the method of extracting the LOS (line-of-sight) angle and angular rate of the full strap-down seeker of the rotating bomb is studied. The structure of the full strap-down seeker is quite different from that of the conventional rate gyro seeker. The measurement system of full strap-down seeker is fixed to the missile, the seeker can only obtain the measurement information in the projectile coordinate system, and the measurement information is coupled with the body posture information, so it cannot be directly used for the control guidance of the rotating projectile. First, based on the conversion relationship between coordinate systems, the mathematical model of the inertial LOS angle of the rotating bomb is established, and the mathematical model of the extraction of the inertial LOS angle and angular rate of the rotating bomb is further established. Then, the Kalman filter is designed by using the unscented Kalman filter method (UKF), and the extracted LOS angle containing noise information is filtered. Finally, the mathematical simulation is carried out to verify the validity of the mathematical model of LOS angle and angular rate extraction. Compared with the Extended Kalman filter method (EKF), the UKF has a higher accuracy for estimating the navigation information of the full strap-down rotating projectile.


2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Наталья Николаевна Сороковая ◽  
Дмитрий Николаевич Коринчук

Разработана математическая модель и численный метод расчета динамики тепломассопереноса, фазовых превращений и усадки при сушке коллоидных капиллярно-пористых тел цилиндрической формы в условиях равномерного обдува теплоносителем. Математическая модель строилась на базе дифференциального уравнения переноса субстанции (энергии, массы, импульса) в деформируемых системах. Проведены экспериментальные исследования кинетики обезвоживания частиц энергетической вербы в потоке воздуха с целью верификации математической модели. Обоснована возможность ее использования для расчета совместных процессов сушки и начального этапа термического разложения биомассы. С использованием ранее полученных данных по значениям энергии активации Аэф(Т) для различных видов биомассы проведено математическое моделирование динамики и кинетики высокотемпературной сушки в потоке дымовых газов энергетической вербы, которая сопровождается термодеструкцией гемиоцеллюлозы. Результаты численных экспериментов свидетельствуют об адекватности предложенного подхода, эффективности математической модели и метода ее реализации. На их основе возможно проводить исследование динамики тепломассопереноса при сушке частиц различных видов измельченной биомассы; определение температуры начала и окончания первой стадии термического разложения; момента достижения равновесного влагосодержания в зависимости от свойств материала и сушильного агента. Эти данные позволяют выбирать оптимальные с точки зрения сохранения энергии и качества высушиваемого продукта  режимные параметры процесса.         A mathematical model and a numerical method for calculating the dynamics of heat and mass transfer, phase transformations and shrinkage during the drying of colloidal capillary-porous cylindrical bodies under conditions of equitable winding by a coolant are developed. The mathematical model was based on the differential equation of substance (energy, mass, impulse) transfer in deformable systems. It includes the equations diffusion-filtration transfer of energy for the system as a whole, and the mass transfer of the liquid, vapor and air phases in the pores of the body. Expressions for the intensity of evaporation of a liquid, capillary pressure, and the diffusion coefficients are presented. The relative volume strain was found by means of an analytical solution of the thermoconcentration deformation equation. Based on the explicit three-layer counting difference scheme and the procedure splitting of algorithm  by physical factors, a numerical method for realizing this mathematical model is developed.Experimental studies of the kinetics of dehydration of energy willow particles in the airflow were carried out to verify the mathematical model. Its applicability for calculating combined processes of drying and of the initial stage of thermal decomposition of biomass is substantiated. Using the previously obtained data on the activation energy values for various types of biomass, a mathematical simulation of the dynamics and kinetics of high-temperature drying in the flue gas flow of energy willow was carried out, which is accompanied by thermal destruction of hemiocellulose. The results of numerical experiments indicate the adequacy of the proposed approach, the effectiveness of the mathematical model and the method of its implementation. On their basis, it is possible to study the dynamics of heat and mass transfer when drying particles of different types of ground biomass; determination of the temperature of the beginning and ending of the first stage of thermal decomposition; the moment when the equilibrium moisture content is reached, depending on the properties of the material and the drying agent. These data allow choosing the process parameters that are optimal in terms of energy saving and quality of the dried product.


Author(s):  
Anneke Hoyer ◽  
Brian F. Degenhardt ◽  
Todd Hammond Palumbo ◽  
Steven J. Webb ◽  
Roger C. Fales

Abstract Based on the clinical data, a mathematical model was developed that characterized the palpation forces and the associated deformation/displacement of the surface of the body when osteopathic clinicians examine the low back or lumbar spine region. The purpose of this work was to better understand the haptic perception of clinicians who use palpation to assist in their assessment of patients with low back pain. Clinicians use palpation to identify areas of reduced tissue compliance thought to be associated with restriction of segmental vertebral motion. Using existing experimental data generated by multiple clinicians examining human volunteers, palpation forces and associated displacements were modeled by using three key variables: stiffness, damping, and inertia of the system. Of the total number of force application cycles analyzed, 92% had a goodness of fit, R2, that was better than 95% (R2≥ 0.95). When comparing the experimental data to the response of the three-parameter force/displacement mathematical model, the mathematical model delivered an accurate representation of palpation forces and displacements. A normalized stiffness difference (NSD) was generated to compare to clinician assessments. Recommendations for design specifications of a palpation-training device were suggested.


2008 ◽  
Vol 112 (1137) ◽  
pp. 625-640
Author(s):  
K. Ro ◽  
J. W. Kamman ◽  
J. B. Barlow

Abstract The free-wing tilt-body aircraft refers to a vehicle configuration in which the wing, fuselage, and empennage are in a longitudinally articulated connection. This allows the main wing to freely rotate relative to the body, while the empennage, which is in the form of a long twin boom connected to the rear of the body, changes its incidence angle relative to the body in response to external commands. The principal advantages claimed for the configuration are short takeoff and landing capability, and reduced gust sensitivity. The aerodynamics of the free-wing tilt-body configuration has been previously studied, but analysis of its flight mechanics is limited. In this paper we present derivations of the flight dynamic equations of motion using multi-body dynamic modelling techniques, and combine the resulting equations of motion with experimental aerodynamic data to achieve a nonlinear mathematical model for flight simulation of a generic free-wing tilt-body vehicle. The mathematical model is suitable for the study of detailed dynamic characteristics as well as for model based control law synthesis. Key flight performance, and stability and control characteristics of a generic configuration are obtained from the mathematical model.


2012 ◽  
Vol 627 ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
Tai Qi Liu ◽  
Fu Rui Ma ◽  
Qi Song Shi ◽  
Jin Fang Chu ◽  
Tan Qiu Li ◽  
...  

The clothing containing phase change material (PCM) with function of absorbing the body-released heat has wide applications. In this paper, a novel protective clothing based phase change material was investigated. The results show that PCM has suitable melting temperature, large heat flow, stability after repeating applications, and it is convenient for application in cooling. Moreover, the manufacturing process has a great affect on the property of the titled material. The above inorganic composite was selected to prepare the temperature self-operating protective clothing, which can efficiently lighten the demic thermal stresses at high and low temperatures.


2015 ◽  
Vol 1095 ◽  
pp. 476-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N. Dmitriev ◽  
Maxim O. Zolotykh ◽  
Yury A. Chesnokov ◽  
Oleg Yu. Ivanov ◽  
Galina Yu. Vitkina

In a laying of a hearth it is usually used to ten different types of the flameproof materials. The characteristics of materials declared by the manufacturer can differ from the actual. For creation of the mathematical model [1, 2] temperatures distributions in a laying of the concrete furnace it is necessary to know thermal conductivity of materials of the specific parties used at construction of the furnace. Definition of the thermal conductivity coefficient allows adapt mathematical model for specific conditions of use. The technique of determination of thermal properties of refractory materials on the temperatures acceleration curve at blowing-in of the blast furnace is described.


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