scholarly journals PENDAPATAN PEKERJA WANITA PADA INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN SKALA BESAR

Populasi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunawan Wibisono ◽  
Sukamdi Sukamdi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Important Implication ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Labor Income ◽  
Total Income ◽  
Labor Utilization ◽  
Labor Conflicts ◽  
Force Problem

Labor income is a very important issue in the process of industrialization in developing countries. Most strikes and labor conflicts in the last three years were based on workers' desire to increase income. Regarding the fact that most laborers have poor education one common means of increasing income is by lengthening work hours. The results of this study tend to prove this statement. However, this strategy has only increased total income, not real income. Income per hour does not change, and even decreases. It means that extending working hours has only increased self-exploitation. Inaddition, this result has an important implication on the analysis of labor utilization. Laborers who are fully utilized do notal ways have a higher income than those underemployed. Therefore underemployment by working hours does not represent the real labor force problem.

WHY HASN’T ECONOMIC PROGRESS LOWERED WORK HOURS MORE?

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-212
Author(s):  
Tyler Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Relative Status ◽  
Alternative Scenarios ◽  
Material Form

Abstract:Why hasn’t economic progress lowered work hours more? One of Keynes’s most famous essays is his “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren.” Keynes predicts that within one hundred years — which would bring us to 2030 — most scarcity will have disappeared and most individuals will work no more than fifteen hours a week. My question is a simple one: Why wasn’t Keynes right? Why have working hours remained as long as they have? Why hasn’t progress taken a more leisurely and less material form than what we have observed? Investigating that issue will help us get at the question of just how much progress has occurred. Under one view, Western life has been caught in a kind of rat race, and a lot of the gains of progress are illusory. For instance there is the argument that higher incomes are largely consumed as part of a futile race to win relative status, and living standards aren’t nearly as high as they might appear. Under some alternative scenarios, people haven’t moved to Keynes’s scenario for some good reasons, such as enjoying work more than we might think, or other hypotheses, as I will outline. In that case the observed changes in real income are robust, and measured correctly, or progress may even be greater than income measurements would indicate. I hope that addressing Keynes’s paradox can help us better understand this longstanding debate on the nature of modern progress.

Comparing collective bargaining agreements for developing countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna Besamusca ◽  
Kea Tijdens
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Collective Bargaining ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Collective Bargaining Agreement ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Paid Leave ◽  
Collective Agreements ◽  
Country Comparison ◽  
Work Family

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to fill several knowledge gaps regarding the contents of collective agreements, using a new online database. The authors analyse 249 collective agreements from 11 countries – Benin, Brazil, Ghana, Indonesia, Kenya, Madagascar, Peru, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda. The authors research to what extent wage and other remuneration-related clauses, working hours, paid leave arrangements and work-family arrangements are included in collective agreements and whether bargaining topics cluster within agreements. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the web-based WageIndicator Collective Bargaining Agreement Database with uniformly coded agreements, that are both collected and made accessible online. The authors present a quantitative multi-country comparison of the inclusion and contents of the clauses in the agreements. Findings – The authors find that 98 per cent of the collective agreements include clauses on wages, but that only few agreements specify wage levels. Up to 71 per cent have clauses on social security, 89 per cent on working hours and 84 per cent of work-family arrangements. The authors also find that collective agreements including one of these four clauses, are also more likely to include the other three and conclude that no trade off exists between their inclusion on the bargaining agenda. Research limitations/implications – Being one of the first multi-country analyses of collective agreements, the analysis is primarily explorative, aiming to establish a factual baseline with regard to the contents of collective agreements. Originality/value – This study is unique because of its focus on the content of collective bargaining agreements. The authors are the first to be able to show empirically which clauses are included in existing collective agreements in developing countries.

The promise of a four-day week? A critical appraisal of a management-led initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Delaney ◽  
Catherine Casey
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Measurement Monitoring ◽  
Critical Scrutiny

PurposeThis article critically investigates a management-led experiment to institute a four-day work week with stated intentions of improving productivity and worker wellbeing. The article analyses the framing and implementation of the reduced work hours (RWH) trial, the responses of employees and the outcomes and implications of the trial. It raises concerns regarding the managerial appropriation of employee aspirations for more autonomy over time and improved work life.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted a qualitative case study of a medium-sized company operating in the financial services sector in New Zealand. Focus groups and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 employees.FindingsOur study finds that the promise of a four-day week attracted employee favour and individualised benefits. However, entrenched managerialist practices of performance measurement, monitoring and productivity pressures were intensified. Pro-social and collective interests evident in labour-led campaigns were absent. We urge greater critical scrutiny into seemingly advantageous “business case” initiatives for reduced work hours.Originality/valueLittle is known about what happens to concern for social and employee interests entailed in reduced working hours initiatives when a management-led initiative is implemented. Indeed, the majority of research focuses on the macro-level rather than interrogating the “black box” of firms. Our inquiry contributes to these debates by asking, how does a management-led RWH initiative affect employees?

scholarly journals Men Lose Life Satisfaction with Fewer Hours in Employment: Mothers Do Not Profit from Longer Employment—Evidence from Eight Panels

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-334
Author(s):  
Martin Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
The United States ◽  
Conflict Theory ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Partners ◽  
East And West Germany

Abstract This article uses random and fixed effects regressions with 743,788 observations from panels of East and West Germany, the UK, Australia, South Korea, Russia, Switzerland and the United States. It shows how the life satisfaction of men and especially fathers in these countries increases steeply with paid working hours. In contrast, the life satisfaction of childless women is less related to long working hours, while the life satisfaction of mothers hardly depends on working hours at all. In addition, women and especially mothers are more satisfied with life when their male partners work longer, while the life satisfaction of men hardly depend on their female partners’ work hours. These differences between men and women are starker where gender attitudes are more traditional. They cannot be explained through differences in income, occupations, partner characteristics, period or cohort effects. These results contradict role expansionist theory, which suggests that men and women profit similarly from moderate work hours; they support role conflict theory, which claims that men are most satisfied with longer and women with shorter work hours.

Green returns of labor income and human capital: Empirical evidence of the environmental behavior of households in developing countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 105-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Ponce ◽  
Rafael Alvarado ◽  
Katerine Ponce ◽  
Raquel Alvarado ◽  
Danny Granda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Environmental Behavior ◽  
Labor Income

scholarly journals Measuring the Gains from Trade—A Case Study of Pakistan's Trade with India

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
M. Afzal ◽  
Stephen E. Guisinger
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Specific Restriction ◽  
Country Specific

The recent literature on the theory of tariffs and trade restrictions has emphasized the optimality of free trade policies for both developed and develop¬ing countries. There are exceptional cases in which trade restrictions can be justified—when, for example, a country has monopoly power in trade or when certain "second-best" conditions are met.1 In general, however, it is believed that a country which imposes restrictions on its trade suffers a decline in real income. A number of studies for both developed and developing countries have estimated the economic benefits that would accrue to these countries from the elimination of all trade restrictions.* The purpose of this paper is to provide a method for measuring the economic benefits that a country would receive as the result of the elimination of a country-specific restriction while maintaining all restrictions applying to commodities. Methods of measuring the static gains to a country removing commodity restrictions are already well known and need no further elaboration. The elimination of a country-specific restriction on trade, however, presents a slightly different problem of measurement since the liberalization may affect only one portion of the country's trade and give rise to foreign exchange savings as well as the familiar gains from reduced producers' inefficiency and increased consumers' surplus.

Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung: Welche Modelle entlasten den Arbeitsmarkt?

2004 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Kleinhenz ◽  
Wolfgang Franz ◽  
Knut Gerlach
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Positive Balance

AbstractGerhard Kleinhenz gives an overview on the substantial progress in increasing the flexibility of work in Germany over the last 30 years. He strikes a positive balance: The situation has improved a lot. Never-the-less, reality is still far away from the vision of flexibility Economists have. He promotes increased awareness of its advantages: Relieving the labor market and to mobilise additional employees, which will become important because of demographic transition.Wolfgang Franz calls his article “winds of change - from shorter to longer work hours in Germany. He points out that there is a long lasting debate whether shortening of work hours has positive employment effects. It can be convincingly argued, however, that Germany′s work-sharing experiment failed. But now the dispute has taken quite the opposite direction. Will a longer work week create more jobs? More unpaid working hours will almost certainly increase labor demand but a considerable fraction of this additional labor input will be met by the employers now working longer. Besides this, the current movement towards longer work hours in order to secure jobs call for more flexibility of some institutional regulations dictated by jurisdiction, namely the principle of favourable solutions in the context of industry level bargaining.Knut Gerlach argues that under flexible working time contracts, specifically working time accounts as the most wide-spread and innovative type, workers, works councils and management agree to intertemporal time transfers usually with respect to a period of 12 months. In many firms this agreement is accompanied by guaranteeing implicitly or explicitly a temporary employment stability. He shows that such contracts achieve a greater short-term labor market flexibility and by lowering production costs as well as enhancing the efficiency of work organization they might increase employment in specific circumstances. The draw back, however, is that the stability of employment in conjunction with fixed wages (efficient contracts) might lead to long-term wage hikes and negative employment effects. To garner the employment enhancing impact of working time accounts they have to be supplemented by more flexibility of collective wage contracts, specifically by additional competition between different wage setting regimes.

Analisis pekerja anak pada pasar tradisional (studi kasus : pasar angso duo dan pasar baru Kota Jambi)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-60
Author(s):  
Andika Beremana ◽  
Zamzami Zamzami ◽  
Adi Bhakti
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Labor Income ◽  
Traditional Markets ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Social

This study aims to: 1) To analyze the social and economic characteristics of child labor in the traditional markets of Pasar Angso Duo and Pasar Baru Kota Jambi. 2) To analyze how much the contribution of child labor income to family income. And 3) To analyze what factors influence children working in the traditional markets of Pasar Angso Duo and Pasar Baru Kota Jambi. Based on social and economic characteristics, it can be said that the average age of child labor ranges from 7-10 years, the number of child workers who have not completed school is very large, 19 people or 76 percent. There are very large numbers of family heads of children who have not completed high school, namely 18 people or 72 percent. Furthermore, the average working hours of child laborers in the Angso Duo and Pasar Baru markets range from 7.5 to 8.5 hours.

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