scholarly journals Pengaruh Medan Elektromagnetik terhadap Densitas dan Vikositas pada Vacuum Residue

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Akbar Ismi Azis Pramito ◽  
Sri Haryati ◽  
Muhammad Djoni Bustan
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Vacuum Residue ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Residue Mass

This study tested the effect of electromagnetic field on density and viscosity of vacuum residue from PT. PERTAMINA Refinery Unit III Plaju. The study was conducted using a batch reactor equipped with electromagnetic. The fixed variable in this study is the vacuum residue mass and cracking time, while the variables which are varied are reaction temperature and electromagnetic field. The study was conducted to see the effect of temperatures ranging from 100, 200, 300 and 400oC, and the use of electromagnets with electric currents of 0A, 5A, 10A, 15A and 20A on the density and viscosity of vacuum residue. The experiment compared the effect of the process with electromagnetic field and without electromagnetic field on the density and viscosity of vacuum residue. The results showed that the lowest density (0.874 g/cm3) and viscosity (0.481 cP) were obtained by using 20A electric current electromagnetic field at a temperature of 400oC.A B S T R A KPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji pengaruh medan elektomagnetik terhadap densitas dan viskositas vakum residu petroleum dari PT. PERTAMINA Unit Pengolahan III Plaju. Pengujian dilakukan dalam reaktor-batch yang dilengkapi dengan elektromagnetik. Variabel tetap dalam penelitian ini adalah massa vakum residu dan waktu cracking, sedangkan variabel yang divariasi adalah suhu cracking dan kuat arus listrik elektromagnetik. Studi dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh suhu mulai dari 100, 200, 300, dan 400oC, serta penggunaan elektromagnet dengan arus listrik sebesar 0A, 5A, 10A, 15A dan 20A terhadap perubahan densitas dan viskositas dari vakum residu. Eksperimen yang dilakukan membandingkan pengaruh proses dengan medan elektromagnetik dan tanpa medan elektromagnet terhadap densitas dan viskositas vacuum residue. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai densitas dan viskositas vakum residu terendah diperoleh pada penggunaan medan elektromagnetik dengan arus listrik 20A pada suhu 400oC yaitu pada nilai denitas sebesar 0,874 g/cm3 dan nilai viskositas sebesar 0,481 cP.

scholarly journals Quantum states of an electromagnetic field interacting with a classical current and their applications to radiation problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 902-911
Author(s):  
V. G. Bagrov ◽  
D. M. Gitman ◽  
A. A. Shishmarev ◽  
A. J. D. Farias
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Dirac Equation ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Photon Radiation ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Scalar Particles ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
The Relationship

Synchrotron radiation was originally studied by classical methods using the Liénard–Wiechert potentials of electric currents. Subsequently, quantum corrections to the classical formulas were studied, considering the emission of photons arising from electronic transitions between spectral levels, described in terms of the Dirac equation. In this paper, an intermediate approach is considered, in which electric currents generating the radiation are considered classically while the quantum nature of the radiation is taken into account exactly. Such an approximate approach may be helpful in some cases; it allows one to study one-photon and multi-photon radiation without complicating calculations using corresponding solutions of the Dirac equation. Here, exact quantum states of an electromagnetic field interacting with classical currents are constructed and their properties studied. With their help, the probability of photon emission by classical currents is calculated and relatively simple formulas for one-photon and multi-photon radiation are obtained. Using the specific circular electric current, the corresponding synchrotron radiation is calculated. The relationship between the obtained results and those known before are discussed, for example with the Schott formula, with Schwinger calculations, with one-photon radiation of scalar particles due to transitions between Landau levels, and with some previous results of calculating two-photon synchrotron radiation.

scholarly journals Hydrocracking of Coconut Oil over Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 Catalyst to Produce Hydrocarbon Biofuel

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Al-Muttaqii ◽  
Firman Kurniawansyah ◽  
Danawati Hari Prajitno ◽  
Achmad Roesyadi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Incipient Wetness

This present study was aimed to investigate the hydrocracking of coconut oil using Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst in a batch reactor at three reaction temperatures (350, 375, and 400 °C). The Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by using incipient wetness impregnation. The Ni-Fe/HZSM-5 catalyst was characterized using XRD, BET, and SEM-EDX. From XRD results, the loading of Ni and Fe did not change the crystalline structure of HZSM-5 catalyst. The surface area of HZSM-5 was 425 m2/g and decreased after the addition of metals (Ni and Fe) into HZSM-5 support. These changes implied that Ni and Fe particles were successfully dispersed on the HZSM-5 surface and incorporated into HZSM-5 pore. The product of hydrocarbon biofuel was analyzed using GC-MS. The GC-MS results of hydrocarbon biofuel showed the highest compounds for n-paraffin and yield for gasoil was 39.24 and 18.4% at a temperature of 400 °C, respectively. The reaction temperature affected the yield and the composition of hydrocarbon biofuel. At this reaction temperature condition, decarboxylation and decarbonylation were favored; lead to the formation of n-alkanes with an odd number of carbon atoms chain length.

scholarly journals Experimental and statistical study for leaching of niobium pentoxide from Pakistani ore

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Muhammad Ahmad ◽  
Sadia Akhtar ◽  
Muhammad Khan ◽  
Muhammad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Niobium Pentoxide ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Separation Science ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Process

The growing demand for niobium pentoxide, based on its use in separation processes, established its prominent significance as a leading candidate in the field of separation science and technology. This study reports the extraction of niobium pentoxide from pyrochlore ore occurring in Sillai Patai, KPK, Pakistan. It is difficult to recover niobium pentoxide from Pakistani ore due to its low concentration. Niobium pentoxide is an important material used in manufacturing industries for different purposes. Most of the commercially employed extraction processes are associated with serious environmental impacts and are not efficient in extracting niobium pentoxide from low concentration pyrochlore. Alkali potash has been used for separation and purification of niobium pentoxide because it is efficient and an environmentally friendly process. The leaching of niobium pentoxide is carried out in a batch reactor using alkali potash as a leachant. Various process parameters, including ore particle size, reaction temperature, reaction time and alkali to ore mass ratio, were examined statistically during the leaching process. It was observed that reaction temperature and ore particle size were more significant compared to other parameters. The maximum percent recovery of niobium pentoxide (95%) was obtained at 280?C in 90 min, while keeping the ore particle size 44 ?m and alkali to ore mass ratio of 7:1.

scholarly journals Electric Currents Connected With the Proton Flares of 7 July and 2 September, 1966

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 417-421
Author(s):  
A. B. Severny
Keyword(s):  
Active Region ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Current Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electric Currents

It is observed that the change of the net magnetic flux associated with flares can exceed 1017 Mx/s, which corresponds according to Maxwell's equation to the e.m.f. ∼ 109 V which is specific for the high energy protons generated in flares. It is shown that this value of e.m.f. can hardly be compensated by e.m.f. of inductance which should appear due to the actually measured motions in a flare generating active region. The values of electric field strength thus found, together with measured values of electric current density (from rotH), leads to an electric conductivity which is 103 times smaller than usually adopted.

Effects of Electromagnetic Filling Parameters on Density of Al-Si Alloy in Low Pressure Casting

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 3291-3294
Author(s):  
Shao Long Wu ◽  
Yu Xing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Pressure Casting ◽  
Cyclic Time ◽  
Low Pressure Casting

Effects of electromagnetic filling parameters on Density of Al-Si alloy in low pressure casting were investigated. The key influential factors on Density of Al-Si Alloy were determined by orthogonal testing. The results show that the influential orders of electric current, magnetic inductivity and cyclic time on the density of the ZL114 alloy are as follows: electric current, then magnetic inductivity, and then cyclic time. Electric current and electromagnetic field can effectively improve the density of the ZL114 alloy in low pressure casting.

scholarly journals On the Nature of Electric Current in the Electrospinning Process

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baturalp Yalcinkaya ◽  
Fatma Yener ◽  
Oldrich Jirsak ◽  
Funda Cengiz-Callioglu
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Solution ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Electrospinning Process ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Electric Currents

The electric currents between electrodes in the electrospinning process are based on the movement of charge carriers through the spinning space. The majority of the charge carriers are formed by ionization of the air close to the metallic needle and to the polymer jet. The salt contained in the polymer solution contributes to the concentration of charge carriers, depending on its amount. The conductivity of polymer jets does not significantly affect the current since the jets do not link the electrodes.

Fluid motions induced by an electric current discharge

1972 ◽  
Vol 329 (1576) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Conducting Fluid ◽  
Total Current ◽  
Fluid Density ◽  
Current Discharge ◽  
Monotonically Increasing Function ◽  
Increasing Function

In this paper we consider the flow field induced by an electric current discharge emerging from a small hole (mathematically a point) of a plane wall, bounding an incompressible viscous conducting fluid. The current is directed radially from the discharge. In earlier work, where the effect of the velocity on the electromagnetic field was neglected, it was shown that the velocity field contains singularities, and therefore the solution breaks down, when K = 2 J 2 0 / πρv 2 > K crit ≈ 300.1. Here J 0 is the total current of the discharge, ρ the fluid density and v the coefficient of kinematic viscosity. It is found that for a finitely conducting fluid when account is taken of the effect of the velocity on the electromagnetic field, K crit is a monotonically increasing function of α = 4 πvσ where σ is the electrical conductivity of the fluid. The interaction of this flow field with that due to a jet or sink of momentum, emerging from the same hole as the electric current discharge, is also considered in some detail.

scholarly journals The influence of homodromous and heterodromous electric currents on transmission of excitation in plant and animal

1915 ◽  
Vol 88 (607) ◽  
pp. 483-507 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
The Other ◽  
Muscle Preparation ◽  
Mimosa Pudica ◽  
Electric Currents ◽  
Joint Effects ◽  
Conducting Tissue ◽  
The One ◽  
Conduction Of Excitation ◽  
Stimulation Of

I have in a previous paper described investigation on the conduction of excitation in Mimosa pudica . It was there shown that the various characteristics of the propagation of excitation in the conducting tissue of the plant are in every way similar to those in the animal nerve. Hence it appeared probable that any newly found phenomenon in the one case was likely to lead to the discovery of a similar phenomenon in the other. A problem of great interest which has attracted my attention my attention for several years is the question whether, in a conducting tissue, excitation travels better with or against the direction of an electric current. The experimental difficulties presented in the prosecution of this enquiry are very numerous, the results being complicated by the joint effects of the direction of current on conductivity and of the poles on excitability. As regards the latter, the changes of excitability in the animal nerve under electrotonus have been demonstrated by the well-known experiments of pflüger. In a nerve-and-muscle preparation, the presence of a pole P is shown to induce a variation of excitability of a neighbouring point S. When P is kathode, the excitability of the point S, near it, is enhanced; stimulation of S, previously ineffective, now becomes effective, and the resulting excitation is transmitted to M, causing response of the muscle. Conversely, the application of anode at P causes a depression of excitability of S. Stimulus previously effective now becomes ineffective. In this manner the transmission of excitation may be indirectly modified by the polar variation of excitability of the stimulated point (fig. 1 a ).

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