Effect of salat (prayer) activity on salivary status and cortisol level

The majority of Indonesian people are Muslim who perform the obligatory prayers five times each day known as salat. The series of activities in salat begins with wudu with a gargle movement that increases salivary secretion through mechanical stimulation. The movement of ruku and sujood when salat causes oxygen-rich blood to flow to the brain is well suited. When a person feels calmer and more psychically relaxed after performing salat and wudu, the parasympathetic nerves increase so normal cortisol levels can secrete more saliva which is aqueous with normal acidity (pH). Oral health will affect the overall health of the body. This study aimed to determine the effect of salat and wudu on the salivary flow rate, pH, and cortisol level as an indicator of oral health. The design of this study was the static group pretest and posttest design. The study was conducted by comparing the value of salivary flow rate, pH, and cortisol levels in 20 subjects consisting of 10 subjects as the treatment group and 10 subjects as the control. Saliva was collected without stimulation before and after salat activity for five minutes, followed by measurement of salivary flow rate and pH level. Salivary cortisol level was measured using Cortisol Assay Elisa kit with λ 540 nm. The results showed an increase in salivary pH, flow rate and cortisol level after the salat activity but there was no significant difference by Kruskal-Wallis test but there was a strong correlation using Kendall’s tau_b test. In conclusion, salat activity may have correlation with an increase in salivary pH, flow rate and cortisol level.

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Pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva

e-GIGI ◽

10.35790/eg.5.2.2017.16538 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Feiby Rawung ◽

Jane Wuisan ◽

Michael A. Leman

Keyword(s):

Oral Mucosa ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

T Test ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Wilcoxon Test ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Before And After

Abstract: Mouthwash is one of the accessible oral healthcare and practical for use by the community. Various commercial products contain more than one active ingredient; the most common one is alcohol with varied concentrations from 6% to 26%. Mouthwash with high concentration of alcohol can cause some effects to some users, like burning and dry sensation of the oral mucosa. Dry oral mucosa caused by reduced saliva production will be more susceptible to irritation. Reduced amount of saliva also causes lower oral pH which leads to increased growth of cariogenic bacteria. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of alcoholic mouthwash to salivary flow and salivary pH. This was a quasi-experiment study with before and after treatment groups. The population study was students of Dental Medical Education Program of Medical Faculty of University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, batch 2012, with a total of 30 respondents obtained by using purposive sampling method. The T test showed that salivary flow rate before and after treatment had no significant difference (p >0.05) based on T test. Moreover, the Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference of salivary pH between before and after treatment (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no effect of rinsing with alcoholic mouthwash on salivary flow and salivary pH.Keywords: alcoholic mouthwash, salivary flow rate, salivary pH Abstrak: Obat kumur merupakan salah satu produk perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mudah diperoleh dan praktis digunakan sendiri oleh masyarakat. Berbagai produk komersial mengandung lebih dari satu bahan aktif; salah satunya yaitu alkohol dengan konsentrasi bervariasi dari 6% hingga 26,9%. Kandungan alkohol yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan efek bagi sebagian pengguna, seperti sensasi terbakar dan kering di area mukosa mulut disebabkan berkurangnya saliva yang memudahkan terjadinya iritasi. Berkurangnya saliva juga menyebabkan pH mulut rendah sehingga pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimen semu dengan kelompok sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Populasi penelitian yaitu mahasiswa Angkatan Tahun 2012 Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado yang berjumlah 30 responden, diperoleh dengan purposive sampling. Hasil uji T berpasangan mennunjukkan data laju aliran saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Berdasarkan uji Wilcoxon, data pH saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh berkumur dengan obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva.Kata kunci: obat kumur beralkohol, laju aliran saliva, pH saliva

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Evaluation of Oral Hygiene Status, Salivary Characteristics and Dental Caries Experience in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic (ALL) Children

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/jcpd.35.3.u5kx28q33m760834 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 319-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

AM Hegde ◽

S Joshi ◽

K Rai ◽

S Shetty

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Control Group ◽

Salivary Ph

Leukemia constitutes approximately 30% of all childhood cancers and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia(ALL) is the most common type of malignancy. Oral dryness, ulceration, increased dental decay seen is due to altered salivary flow rate and buffering capacity in these children. Oxidative stress may play an important role in the malignancies resulting in onset of inflammatory oral pathologies. Saliva constitutes first line of defense against free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The present study attempted to relate the oral health status, salivary flow rate, salivary pH, gingival health status, dental caries experience and total salivary antioxidant levels in ALL children. A total of 120 children aged 4-10 years (90 leukemic children, study group and 30 normal healthy siblings, control group) were divided into 4 groups of 30 each. Oral health status, gingival status and dental caries experience was recorded followed by un-stimulated saliva collection. Total antioxidant capacity of un-stimulated saliva was evaluated. The results depicted deterioration in oral health status, gingival status and increased dental caries experience in leukemic children. Salivary flow rate, salivary pH and total salivary antioxidant levels were lowered in leukemic children when compared with control group.

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Assessment of the oral health status of asthmatic children

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.4103/ejd.ejd_65_17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (03) ◽

pp. 357-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Abla Arafa ◽

Salwa Aldahlawi ◽

Adel Fathi

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Health ◽

Bronchial Asthma ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Asthmatic Children ◽

Salivary Ph

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess the oral health status and salivary composition in a group of children suffering from bronchial asthma. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of sixty asthmatic children, sixty healthy negative controls, and sixty healthy positive controls of both sexes with age ranging from 4 to 12 years old. The asthmatics were grouped according to disease severity into mild, moderate, or severe asthmatic. All the children were clinically examined to assess their dental caries experience (decayed, indicated for extraction, and filled primary tooth [def] and decayed-missing-filled permanent tooth [DMF]), dental erosion condition (tooth wear index), and gingival health condition (gingival index [GI]). Salivary samples were collected and assessed for salivary flow rate, salivary pH, and the level of calcium, sodium, and potassium. Results: The results of this study revealed that asthmatic children presented significantly higher def, DMF score, and GI mean values compared to the control groups. Severe asthmatics significantly presented the highest def and GI score. Salivary analysis revealed reduced stimulated salivary flow rate and altered salivary pH. In addition, significantly elevated mean salivary calcium level found to be associated with higher GI mean score. Conclusions: Children suffering from bronchial asthma should receive special dental preventive attention as presented with greater risk for oral and dental diseases as compared to the healthy controls.

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Does Growth Stunting Correlate with Oral Health in Children?: A Systematic Review

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1731887 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zayyana Jasmine Sadida ◽

Ratna Indriyanti ◽

Arlette Suzy Setiawan

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

The Body ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Plaque Index ◽

World Health

AbstractGrowth stunting is when children tend to be shorter than their peers through the World Health Organization child growth standard measurement. The condition may affect the development of the brain and other parts of the body, including the oral cavity, which manifests in oral hygiene and overall oral health. This systematic approach literature study aimed to evaluate the correlation between growth stunting and oral health in children. This study was conducted by using a literature review method with a systematic approach by searching for articles related to research topics on PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was adjusted to the inclusion category, which is research that discusses malnutrition and oral health published between 2010 and 2020—research conducted on boys and girls—from birth to 18 years. The exclusion categories used were articles that did not discuss growth stunting and oral health, and grey literature was excluded. The selection of articles was carried out by using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach and resulted in 10 selected articles with details as follows: the correlation between growth stunting and oral health in three articles. A high plaque index in growth stunting children was found in two articles, and a decrease in saliva composition in growth stunting children was also found in two articles. Four articles showed a relationship between growth stunting and salivary flow rate. Lastly, one article showed the relationship between growth stunting and the incidence of dental caries. Despite the limitation of the review, the correlation between growth stunting and overall oral health in children can be seen through the oral hygiene index as moderate to low, high plaque index, decreased salivary flow rate, salivary composition, and dental caries in children with growth stunting.

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Salivary flow rate and oral health status in type 2 diabetics

Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije ◽

10.2298/sgs2001007c ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Ana Cicmil ◽

Olivera Govedarica ◽

Jelena Lecic ◽

Dragana Puhalo-Sladoje ◽

Ruzica Lukic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Health ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Type 2 Diabetics ◽

Significant Difference

Introduction. Decreased salivary flow is frequently associated with numerous diseases such as diabetes mellitus and may lead to numerous oral diseases. The aim of this study was to compare salivary flow rate and oral health status in type 2 diabetics and healthy controls. Material and methods. The study involved 90 patients, divided into the three groups: 30 with well controlled (HbA1c<9%), 30 will poorly controlled (HbA1c?9%) diabetes and 30 healthy subjects. The following clinical parameters were determined: decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT); plaque index (PI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Culture of Candida spp. specimens were obtained from tongue dorsum and inoculated into Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Saliva was collected using ?a spit technique?. Results. Highest mean of unstimulated salivary flow was in healthy subjects; however significant difference between groups was not observed. Stimulated salivary flow results indicate significant reduction in diabetics as well as significant relation between metabolic control and salivary flow. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary flows were negatively and significantly correlated with periodontal parameters and DMFT. Conclusion. The present findings indicate that decreased salivary flow rate could have a significant impact on oral health status in type 2 diabetics.

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Salivary pH, Flow Rate and Streptococcus mutans Count in Relation to Oral Health Statusamong Colored Eyes Adolescentsin Baghdad/Iraq

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal ◽

10.13005/bpj/1587 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 2085-2089

Author(s):

Ali Hadi Fahad ◽

Raed Faisal Al-Huwaizi ◽

Yamama A. Al-Rubbaey ◽

Abbas F. Alhuwaizi

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Oral Health ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Oral Health Status ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Ph

Differences in susceptibility to dental caries occurs even under the similar, controlled conditions because of genetic variations, certain environmental factors are potentially more cariogenic for some individuals than for others. Salivary constituents differences may cause variation in caries susceptibility. This study was conducted to assess the salivary pH, flow rate and streptococcus mutans count in relation to oral health status among colored eyes adolescents. The study group included all 85 colored eyes adolescents from 6 secondary schools, while control group contained 85 brown eyes adolescents selected randomly from the same schools (12-15 for both groups, only males). Decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT), plaque (PlI), Gingival (GI) and calculus (CI) indices were used to measure oral health status for both groups. Salivary samples collection was done in the morning at least one hour after breakfast, then normal saline was added to have tenfold dilutions, to assess the total colony counting of the caries related microorganisms (streptococcus mutans), after that inoculation was done in the special selective media (Mitis-Salivarius-Bacitracin agar). Counting of bacterial colonies were estimated by the aid of dissection microscope. Salivary pH and flow rate were measured directly. The data of present study was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The median and mean rank values for DMFT, PlI, GI and CI indices were higher in study group than control group with high significant differences with regard to DMFT and PlI. A strong positive correlation was recorded between DMFT and PlI, GI, CI in both groups. Salivary pH and flow rate were lower in study compared to the control group (statistically significant difference with salivary flow rate). Higher mean value of salivary streptococcus mutans count among study group compared to control group with statistical significant difference. Dental caries experience and streptococcus mutans count were higher in colored eyes adolescents than brown eyes adolescents. Oral hygiene and salivary flow rate were lower in study group than control group.

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Selected salivary antioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged 20-22 years in Baghdad, Iraq

Mustansiria Dental Journal ◽

10.32828/mdj.v14i1.761 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 65

Author(s):

Dr. Huda A. Yaseen ◽

Dr. Baydaa Hussein Hussein

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Health Condition ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Plaque Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Gingival Health ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Obesity and periodontal disease are diseases of multifactorial etiologyclosely related to dietary habits and sociodemographic background of theindividuals. The aim of this study was the assessment of selected salivaryantioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged20-22 years in comparison with normal weight females.Materials and methods: The study group included 40 obese females, with an agerange 20-22 years old. The control group included 40 normal weight females ofthe same age. Body weight was assessed by using the Body Mass Index (BMI).Collection of unstimulated salivary samples was carried out under standardizedconditions. Plaque and gingival indices were used for recording the oral hygieneand gingivitis. Salivary flow rate was measured then salivary samples wereanalyzed to determine the concentration of salivary antioxidants (total protein anduric acid).Results: The data analysis of the present study found that the level of salivary totalprotein was lower among the obese females compared to the normal weightfemales with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01), while salivaryuric acid was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese than thenormal weight females (p<0.01). Salivary analysis demonstrated that the salivaryflow rate was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese females(p<0.01).The mean values of plaque index and gingival index were lower among obesefemales compared to the normal weight females with statistically highlysignificant difference for plaque index (p<0.01).Conclusions: The result of this research revealed that salivary antioxidant (uric acid)and salivary flow rate were higher among obese females than normal weightfemales which may play a role in protection oral tissue from oral diseases inaddition to the oral cleanliness effect.

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Estimation of Salivary pH, Viscosity, Flow Rate in Children with and without Early Childhood Caries – An Observational Study

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i30a31614 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 54-60

Author(s):

Dhanalakshmi Ravikumar ◽

Pratibha Ramani ◽

R. Gayathri

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Observational Study ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Early Childhood Caries ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Childhood Caries

Background and Objectives: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a chronic disease of childhood affecting the primary dentition. It is also termed as nursing caries or baby bottle tooth decay. It has a multifactorial etiology and salivary parameters are considered as one of the important etiological factors of ECC. The present study was done to compare the salivary pH, flow rate and viscosity in children with and without ECC. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at Saveetha Dental college and Hospitals. Children between 3-6 years were examined and 20 caries free, 20 children with ECC and 20 children with Severe ECC were recruited for the study. The examination and sample collection were done by a single qualified Pediatric dentist. The samples were collected and analysed for salivary pH, flow rate and viscosity. Results: The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in salivary pH levels in children with and without ECC. Statistically significant difference was evident in salivary flow rate and viscosity in caries-free, moderate ECC and severe ECC children. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in salivary pH levels in children with and without ECC. There is a significant difference in salivary flow rate and viscosity among caries free, moderate ECC and Severe ECC children Higher flow rate and low viscosity results in reduced caries occurance

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Degree of Acidity, Salivary Flow Rate and Caries Index in Electronic Cigarette Users in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

Journal of Indonesian Dental Association ◽

10.32793/jida.v3i1.449 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Dyah Ayu Lestari ◽

Regina TC. Tandelilin ◽

Friska Ani Rahman

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

The Body ◽

Electronic Cigarette ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Significant Difference

Introduction: The Yogyakarta Special Region ranks sixth for highest number of smokers of the 33 provinces in Indonesia. Smokers account for 31.6% of the total population. Sleman Regency ranks fourth in daily consumption of cigarettes of the five regencies or cities in Yogyakarta. The body part most exposed to direct cigarette smoke is the oral cavity. Saliva is a liquid secreted inside the oral cavity to act as a buffer. Nicotine content in conventional cigarettes is known to diminish the salivary flow rate and the acidity (pH) of the saliva. A continual decrease in saliva pH over time may cause dental caries. The use of electronic cigarettes is a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) method to help people quit smoking; they emit a lower nicotine level than conventional cigarettes. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the saliva pH, salivary flow rates, and caries index of electronic cigarette smokers. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method to compare the saliva pH, salivary flow rate, and caries index of 30 smokers of electronic cigarettes and 30 non-smokers as a control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 software and considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: The Mann-Whitney analysis showed a significant difference in the saliva pH between electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Independent T-Test analysis showed no significant difference in the salivary flow rates of the two groups. The Mann-Whitney analysis also showed no significant difference in the caries index of the groups. Conclusion: Results indicated that there is a significant difference in the saliva pH of electronic cigarette smokers, while the salivary flow rates and caries indices of electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers were similar.

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