scholarly journals Estimation of Salivary pH, Viscosity, Flow Rate in Children with and without Early Childhood Caries – An Observational Study

Author(s):  
Dhanalakshmi Ravikumar ◽  
Pratibha Ramani ◽  
R. Gayathri

Background and Objectives: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a chronic disease of childhood affecting the primary dentition. It is also termed as nursing caries or baby bottle tooth decay. It has a multifactorial etiology and salivary parameters are considered as one of the important etiological factors of ECC. The present study was done to compare the salivary pH, flow rate and viscosity in children with and without ECC. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional observational study conducted at Saveetha Dental college and Hospitals. Children between 3-6 years were examined and 20 caries free, 20 children with ECC and 20 children with Severe ECC were recruited for the study. The examination and sample collection were done by a single qualified Pediatric dentist. The samples were collected and analysed for salivary pH, flow rate and viscosity. Results: The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in salivary pH levels in children with and without ECC. Statistically significant difference was evident in salivary flow rate and viscosity in caries-free, moderate ECC and severe ECC children. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in salivary pH levels in children with and without ECC. There is a significant difference in salivary flow rate and viscosity among caries free, moderate ECC and Severe ECC children Higher flow rate and low viscosity results in reduced caries occurance

e-GIGI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiby Rawung ◽  
Jane Wuisan ◽  
Michael A. Leman

Abstract: Mouthwash is one of the accessible oral healthcare and practical for use by the community. Various commercial products contain more than one active ingredient; the most common one is alcohol with varied concentrations from 6% to 26%. Mouthwash with high concentration of alcohol can cause some effects to some users, like burning and dry sensation of the oral mucosa. Dry oral mucosa caused by reduced saliva production will be more susceptible to irritation. Reduced amount of saliva also causes lower oral pH which leads to increased growth of cariogenic bacteria. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of alcoholic mouthwash to salivary flow and salivary pH. This was a quasi-experiment study with before and after treatment groups. The population study was students of Dental Medical Education Program of Medical Faculty of University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, batch 2012, with a total of 30 respondents obtained by using purposive sampling method. The T test showed that salivary flow rate before and after treatment had no significant difference (p >0.05) based on T test. Moreover, the Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference of salivary pH between before and after treatment (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no effect of rinsing with alcoholic mouthwash on salivary flow and salivary pH.Keywords: alcoholic mouthwash, salivary flow rate, salivary pH Abstrak: Obat kumur merupakan salah satu produk perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mudah diperoleh dan praktis digunakan sendiri oleh masyarakat. Berbagai produk komersial mengandung lebih dari satu bahan aktif; salah satunya yaitu alkohol dengan konsentrasi bervariasi dari 6% hingga 26,9%. Kandungan alkohol yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan efek bagi sebagian pengguna, seperti sensasi terbakar dan kering di area mukosa mulut disebabkan berkurangnya saliva yang memudahkan terjadinya iritasi. Berkurangnya saliva juga menyebabkan pH mulut rendah sehingga pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimen semu dengan kelompok sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Populasi penelitian yaitu mahasiswa Angkatan Tahun 2012 Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado yang berjumlah 30 responden, diperoleh dengan purposive sampling. Hasil uji T berpasangan mennunjukkan data laju aliran saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Berdasarkan uji Wilcoxon, data pH saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh berkumur dengan obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva.Kata kunci: obat kumur beralkohol, laju aliran saliva, pH saliva


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Nadia Rully Auliawati ◽  
Layung Sekar Prabarayi ◽  
Rais Aliffandy Damroni ◽  
Juni Handajani

The majority of Indonesian people are Muslim who perform the obligatory prayers five times each day known as salat. The series of activities in salat begins with wudu with a gargle movement that increases salivary secretion through mechanical stimulation. The movement of ruku and sujood when salat causes oxygen-rich blood to flow to the brain is well suited. When a person feels calmer and more psychically relaxed after performing salat and wudu, the parasympathetic nerves increase so normal cortisol levels can secrete more saliva which is aqueous with normal acidity (pH). Oral health will affect the overall health of the body. This study aimed to determine the effect of salat and wudu on the salivary flow rate, pH, and cortisol level as an indicator of oral health. The design of this study was the static group pretest and posttest design. The study was conducted by comparing the value of salivary flow rate, pH, and cortisol levels in 20 subjects consisting of 10 subjects as the treatment group and 10 subjects as the control. Saliva was collected without stimulation before and after salat activity for five minutes, followed by measurement of salivary flow rate and pH level. Salivary cortisol level was measured using Cortisol Assay Elisa kit with λ 540 nm. The results showed an increase in salivary pH, flow rate and cortisol level after the salat activity but there was no significant difference by Kruskal-Wallis test but there was a strong correlation using Kendall’s tau_b test. In conclusion, salat activity may have correlation with an increase in salivary pH, flow rate and cortisol level.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Dewi Elianora ◽  
Busman Busman ◽  
Febri Mona Ayusa

Introduction: Saliva plays a vital role in the caries process. The critical function of saliva is to defence against caries. A decrease in the saliva secretion speed can be followed by an increase in the number of bacterial colonies. This study was aimed to determine the comparison of salivary bacteria colonies number and salivary pH on early and non-early childhood caries in children who consumed infant formula using the nursing bottle. Methods: This research was pure experimental research with cross-sectional approach. Fifteen children with ECC and fifteen children with non-ECC aged 2-4 years on Early Childhood Education Programs (PAUD) of Padang, West Sumatera, were included in this study. Thirty subjects were participated in this study and asked to collect saliva into a sterile container provided. Statistical analysis used was independent sample t-test. Results: There was a significant difference in the salivary pH and the number of salivary bacterial colonies on early childhood caries and non-early childhood caries children after consuming infant formula with the nursing bottle (p < 0.05). The number of salivary bacteria colony on the infant with early childhood caries was higher with an average of 407.2 x 10-4/ml, whereas in infant non-early childhood caries was lower with an average of 125.5 x 10-4/ml. The salivary pH on infants with early childhood caries was acid with an average of 6.2, and in infants with non-early childhood caries was normal with an average of 6.9. Conclusion: There is a difference in the number of salivary bacterial colonies in infants with early childhood caries and non-early caries after consuming infant formula using the nursing bottle.Keywords: Early childhood caries, non-early childhood caries, salivary bacterial colonies, salivary pH


2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-397
Author(s):  
Akhilesh Sharma ◽  
Mudunuri Sindhuja ◽  
Priya Subramaniam

Aim: This preliminary study aimed to estimate and correlate the relationship between salivary flow rate and levels of salivary triglycerides, cholesterol and total lipids in children with and without early childhood caries. Study design: Ninety children aged 3 – 6 years were divided into three groups of 30 each based on their decayed missing filled tooth (dmft) score, group I (dmft score = 0), group II (dmft score ≥4 and ≤ 9) and group III (dmft scores ≥ 10). Whole unstimulated saliva was collected in a sterile graduated cup over a period of 5 minutes and was quantitatively analyzed for levels of salivary triglycerides, cholesterol and total lipids. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis by one way ANOVA, Post-Hoc tukey and Pearson’s correlation test. Results: Salivary flow rate was 1.20±0.36, 1.01±0.37 and 0.86±0.31 ml/min in group I, II and III respectively. The mean levels of salivary triglycerides in group I, II and III was 3.57±0.43mg/ml, 6.11±1.70mg/ml and 6.03±1.73 mg/ml, respectively. The mean levels of salivary total lipids were higher in group II and III, ie 22.51±2.87 mg/ml and 22.68±2.54 mg/ml respectively. The mean level of salivary cholesterol was highest in group III (8.03±2.91 mg/ml). Salivary triglycerides and total lipids showed a significant positive correlation with dmft scores of children (p≤ 0.001). Salivary cholesterol also had a positive association with dental caries experience of children but was not significant. There was a negative correlation between salivary flow rate and levels of salivary triglycerides, cholesterol and total lipids. Conclusion: Children with ECC (group II and III) had lower salivary flow rate and higher levels of salivary triglycerides and total lipids compared to caries free children (group I). Levels of salivary cholesterol did not differ between caries free and children with ECC.


2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline dos Santos Letieri ◽  
Liana Bastos Freitas-Fernandes ◽  
Ana Paula Canedo Valente ◽  
Tatiana Kelly da Silva Fidalgo ◽  
Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro de Souza

Background: Our aim was to compare salivary levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) in children with early childhood caries (ECCG) and those who are caries-free (CFG) and verify these levels in a follow-up period after restorative treatment. Materials and methods: We selected 46 systemically healthy children in the complete primary dentition period, who were allocated into two groups: CFG (n = 23) and ECCG (dmf-s &gt; 0; n = 23). Unstimulated whole saliva was obtained at baseline from both groups and during the follow-up period (7 days, 1, 2 and 3 months) in the ECCG group. The s-IgA was measured using an ELISA assay, and total protein was assessed using the Bradford method. We also evaluated the flow rate (mL/min), Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. counting using selective media plaques. The data were submitted to statistical analysis using the software SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc, IL, USA) with a confidence interval set at 95%. Results: Salivary s-IgA levels were higher in baseline of ECCG than in CFG (p&lt;0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between s-IgA salivary levels at baseline and the evaluations after dental treatment in ECCG (p&gt;0.05). However, we observed two different changes in s-IgA levels among participants: one group presented s-IgA reduction, and the other group demonstrated its maintenance. It was shown that patients from the ECCG group who presented a reduction in s-IgA levels during follow-up also showed a decrease in Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. count (p&lt;0.05), in contrast to patients who did not present this reduction. The flow rate and total protein were similar between groups (p&gt;0.05). Conclusions: The present data support the idea that children with early childhood caries present higher levels of s-IgA in saliva than caries-free children. The restorative dental treatment does not have a significant influence on salivary levels of this immunoglobulin during the follow-up period.


1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1875-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.O. Narhi ◽  
J.H. Meurman ◽  
A. Ainamo ◽  
J.M. Nevalainen ◽  
K.G. Schmidt-Kaunisaho ◽  
...  

The aim of this study was to examine salivary flow rate and its association with the use of medication in a representative sample of 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old subjects, totaling 368. In this study, 23% (n = 80) of the subjects were unmedicated. From one to three daily medications were used by 47% (n = 168) and more than four medications by 30% (n = 104). The most commonly used medications were nitrates, digitalis or anti-arrhythmic drugs (47.7%), analgesics and antipyretics (32.6%), and diuretics (29.5%). The mean number used daily was significantly higher in 86-year-olds than in the two younger age groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences in this respect were found between genders. Among the unmedicated subjects, 76-year-olds had significantly higher stimulated salivary flow rates than did the 81-year-olds (p < 0.05). Unmedicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated flow rates than did men (p < 0.05). Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76-year-old medicated subjects than in the medicated 86-year-old subjects (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in unstimulated salivary flow rates among the three age groups. Medicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than men (p < 0.001), although the difference in stimulated saliva flow was not significant. A statistically significant difference in unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates was found between unmedicated persons and those who took from four to six, or more than seven, prescribed medications daily.


2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Rai ◽  
Amitha Hegde ◽  
Ananth Kamath ◽  
Suchetha Shetty

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is a severe disease that raises blood glucose levels because of hyperglycemia and insulinopenia. Fluctuations in water and electrolyte levels may result in xerostomia and other changes in the salivary composition. Since diabetes has an influence on oral health, it is important for the dentist to be aware of newer advances in the field of diabetes and to recognize specific oral problems related to diabetes. Thus, the dentist becomes an important part of the health care team for the patients with diabetes. Aim: The present study correlated salivary flow rate, salivary pH and total salivary antioxidant levels and dental caries in type I diabetic patients. Method: A total of 200 children that included 100 known diabetic children (study group) and 100 healthy children (controls) of both the sexes and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds formed the part of this study. Dental caries was assessed using DMFT index. The salivary total anti-oxidant level was estimated using phospho molybdic acid using spectrophotometric method. The salivary flow rate was recorded using the Zunt method and the salivary pH using the pH indicating paper. The results were statistically analyzed using t-test. Conclusions: The analyzed parameters showed increase in salivary anti-oxidant levels, reduced salivary flow rate, increase incidence of dental caries, salivary pH was decreased when compared to the control group.


2021 ◽  
Vol 162 (22) ◽  
pp. 861-869
Author(s):  
Andrea Radácsi ◽  
Tímea Dergez ◽  
Laura Csabai ◽  
Nóra Stáczer ◽  
Krisztián Katona ◽  
...  

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés és célkitűzés: A 3 év alatti korcsoportban a súlyos kisgyermekkori fogszuvasodás (S-ECC) gyakoriságának vizsgálata és a kisgyermekes szülők szájegészséggel kapcsolatos ismereteinek felmérése. Módszer: Háromszázhatvankét, 36 hónapos vagy annál fiatalabb gyermek (átlagéletkor: 28,49 ± 5,25 hónap) fogászati szűrővizsgálatát végeztük el, és szüleik számára önkéntesen kitölthető kérdőívet állítottunk össze. A 306 kitöltött kérdőív eredményét a gyermekek fogászati statusával egyénenként összevetve statisztikai analízist végeztünk. Eredmények: A gyermekek fogászati szűrésekor 15,46% volt a cariesprevalencia: df-t-index = 0,685 ± 2,20; az általunk javasolt, az előtört fogak számával módosított df-t-index = 0,758 ± 2,42, SiC-index = 2,06 ± 3,33. A vizsgált populációban nem találtunk tömött vagy fogszuvasodás miatt eltávolított fogat. A korábban szájhigiénés tájékoztatásban részesült/nem részesült szülők gyermekeinél nem volt szignifikáns különbség a szuvas fogak számának (p = 0,196), a fogyasztott folyadék cukortartalmának (81,5%/71,5%) és a bevitel módjának (p = 0,453) tekintetében. A gyermeküket 6 hónapos korukig kizárólagosan anyatejjel tápláló édesanyák nagyobb eséllyel választották a vízzel történő itatást (75%/52%) pohárból (68,1%/28,8%) a későbbiekben. Az édesanya legmagasabb iskolai végzettsége kulcsszerepet játszik mind az anyatejes táplálás melletti elhivatottságban (felsőfok: 53,4%, középfok: 34,2%, alapfok: 37,5%), mind a cariesfrekvencia csökkentésében (p = 0,015). Következtetés: A szülői szájhigiénés prevenciós tájékoztatás jelenleg nem hatékony. Eredményeink alapján a fogászati szűrést 1 éves kor előtt meg kell kezdeni, amely a hatékony, rendszeres fogászati prevenciós tanácsadás lehetőségét is megteremtené. Szükségesnek látjuk a védőnők és a gyermekháziorvosok folyamatos továbbképzésében a kisgyermekkori fogszuvasodás alapismereteinek integrációját. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(22): 861–869. Summary. Introduction and objective: To investigate the frequency of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) under 3 years of age and to assess the oral health related knowledge of parents/guardians with preschool children. Method: 362 children younger than 36 months (mean age: 28.49 ± 5.25 months) were screened and a voluntary questionnaire for their parents was compiled. Statistical analysis was carried out comparing the results of the 306 completed questionnaires with the dental status of the screened children. Results: Caries prevalence in the examined population was 15.46%, df-t index = 0.685 ± 2.20, our suggested modified df-t index based on the number of erupted teeth = 0.758 ± 2.42, SiC-index = 2.06 ± 3.33. No filled or extracted tooth due to caries was found in the study group. There was no significant difference in the number of carious teeth (p = 0.196), consumption of sugar-containing drinks (81.5%/71.5%) and administration of drinks (p = 0.453) in the case of children whose parents had previously received/not received oral hygiene information. Mothers who exclusively breastfed until the age of 6 months were more likely to choose to offer water (75%/52%) from cup (68.1%/28.8%) later. The mother’s highest level of education plays a key role in both the commitment to breastfeeding (tertiary: 53.4%, secondary: 34.2%, primary: 37.5%) and in reducing the incidence of caries (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Parental oral hygiene preventive instruction is currently ineffective. Based on our results, dental screening should be started before the age of 1 year, that would also provide an opportunity of effective, regular dental prevention counseling. There is a need for the integration of the basics of early childhood caries in the continuous professional training of district nurses and pediatricians. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(22): 861–869.


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