scholarly journals Degree of Acidity, Salivary Flow Rate and Caries Index in Electronic Cigarette Users in Sleman Regency, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Dyah Ayu Lestari ◽  
Regina TC. Tandelilin ◽  
Friska Ani Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: The Yogyakarta Special Region ranks sixth for highest number of smokers of the 33 provinces in Indonesia. Smokers account for 31.6% of the total population. Sleman Regency ranks fourth in daily consumption of cigarettes of the five regencies or cities in Yogyakarta. The body part most exposed to direct cigarette smoke is the oral cavity. Saliva is a liquid secreted inside the oral cavity to act as a buffer. Nicotine content in conventional cigarettes is known to diminish the salivary flow rate and the acidity (pH) of the saliva. A continual decrease in saliva pH over time may cause dental caries. The use of electronic cigarettes is a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) method to help people quit smoking; they emit a lower nicotine level than conventional cigarettes. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the saliva pH, salivary flow rates, and caries index of electronic cigarette smokers. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method to compare the saliva pH, salivary flow rate, and caries index of 30 smokers of electronic cigarettes and 30 non-smokers as a control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 software and considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: The Mann-Whitney analysis showed a significant difference in the saliva pH between electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers. Independent T-Test analysis showed no significant difference in the salivary flow rates of the two groups. The Mann-Whitney analysis also showed no significant difference in the caries index of the groups. Conclusion: Results indicated that there is a significant difference in the saliva pH of electronic cigarette smokers, while the salivary flow rates and caries indices of electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers were similar.

Association Between Salivary Flow Rate and the Use of Systemic Medication Among 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old Inhabitants in Helsinki, Finland

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 1875-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.O. Narhi ◽  
J.H. Meurman ◽  
A. Ainamo ◽  
J.M. Nevalainen ◽  
K.G. Schmidt-Kaunisaho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Systemic Medication ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Saliva Flow

The aim of this study was to examine salivary flow rate and its association with the use of medication in a representative sample of 76-, 81-, and 86-year-old subjects, totaling 368. In this study, 23% (n = 80) of the subjects were unmedicated. From one to three daily medications were used by 47% (n = 168) and more than four medications by 30% (n = 104). The most commonly used medications were nitrates, digitalis or anti-arrhythmic drugs (47.7%), analgesics and antipyretics (32.6%), and diuretics (29.5%). The mean number used daily was significantly higher in 86-year-olds than in the two younger age groups (p < 0.01). No significant differences in this respect were found between genders. Among the unmedicated subjects, 76-year-olds had significantly higher stimulated salivary flow rates than did the 81-year-olds (p < 0.05). Unmedicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated (p < 0.01) and stimulated flow rates than did men (p < 0.05). Stimulated salivary flow rate was also significantly higher in the 76-year-old medicated subjects than in the medicated 86-year-old subjects (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in unstimulated salivary flow rates among the three age groups. Medicated women showed significantly lower unstimulated salivary flow rates than men (p < 0.001), although the difference in stimulated saliva flow was not significant. A statistically significant difference in unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rates was found between unmedicated persons and those who took from four to six, or more than seven, prescribed medications daily.

scholarly journals Effect of salat (prayer) activity on salivary status and cortisol level

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Nadia Rully Auliawati ◽  
Layung Sekar Prabarayi ◽  
Rais Aliffandy Damroni ◽  
Juni Handajani
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Cortisol Level ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Normal Acidity

The majority of Indonesian people are Muslim who perform the obligatory prayers five times each day known as salat. The series of activities in salat begins with wudu with a gargle movement that increases salivary secretion through mechanical stimulation. The movement of ruku and sujood when salat causes oxygen-rich blood to flow to the brain is well suited. When a person feels calmer and more psychically relaxed after performing salat and wudu, the parasympathetic nerves increase so normal cortisol levels can secrete more saliva which is aqueous with normal acidity (pH). Oral health will affect the overall health of the body. This study aimed to determine the effect of salat and wudu on the salivary flow rate, pH, and cortisol level as an indicator of oral health. The design of this study was the static group pretest and posttest design. The study was conducted by comparing the value of salivary flow rate, pH, and cortisol levels in 20 subjects consisting of 10 subjects as the treatment group and 10 subjects as the control. Saliva was collected without stimulation before and after salat activity for five minutes, followed by measurement of salivary flow rate and pH level. Salivary cortisol level was measured using Cortisol Assay Elisa kit with λ 540 nm. The results showed an increase in salivary pH, flow rate and cortisol level after the salat activity but there was no significant difference by Kruskal-Wallis test but there was a strong correlation using Kendall’s tau_b test. In conclusion, salat activity may have correlation with an increase in salivary pH, flow rate and cortisol level.

Selected salivary antioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged 20-22 years in Baghdad, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Dr. Huda A. Yaseen ◽  
Dr. Baydaa Hussein Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Plaque Index ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gingival Health ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Obesity and periodontal disease are diseases of multifactorial etiologyclosely related to dietary habits and sociodemographic background of theindividuals. The aim of this study was the assessment of selected salivaryantioxidants and gingival health condition among a group of obese females aged20-22 years in comparison with normal weight females.Materials and methods: The study group included 40 obese females, with an agerange 20-22 years old. The control group included 40 normal weight females ofthe same age. Body weight was assessed by using the Body Mass Index (BMI).Collection of unstimulated salivary samples was carried out under standardizedconditions. Plaque and gingival indices were used for recording the oral hygieneand gingivitis. Salivary flow rate was measured then salivary samples wereanalyzed to determine the concentration of salivary antioxidants (total protein anduric acid).Results: The data analysis of the present study found that the level of salivary totalprotein was lower among the obese females compared to the normal weightfemales with statistically highly significant difference (p<0.01), while salivaryuric acid was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese than thenormal weight females (p<0.01). Salivary analysis demonstrated that the salivaryflow rate was statistically highly significantly higher among the obese females(p<0.01).The mean values of plaque index and gingival index were lower among obesefemales compared to the normal weight females with statistically highlysignificant difference for plaque index (p<0.01).Conclusions: The result of this research revealed that salivary antioxidant (uric acid)and salivary flow rate were higher among obese females than normal weightfemales which may play a role in protection oral tissue from oral diseases inaddition to the oral cleanliness effect.

Comparison of Whole Saliva Flow Rates and Mucin Concentrations in Healthy Caucasian Young and Aged Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1275-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Navazesh ◽  
R.A. Mulligan ◽  
V. Kipnis ◽  
P.A. Denny ◽  
P.C. Denny
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Aged Group ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Saliva Flow

Unstimulated and chewing-stimulated whole saliva samples were obtained from 42 healthy Caucasians; 21 were between 18 and 35 years of age, and 21 between 65 and 83 years of age. The unstimulated salivary flow rate was significantly lower in the aged group, but the stimulated flow rate was significantly higher in the aged than in the young group. Both groups showed significantly increased flow during salivary stimulation. MG1 and MG2 concentrations in unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were significantly lower in the aged group. There were no significant correlations between salivary flow rates and MG1 and MG2 concentrations.

scholarly journals Pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva

e-GIGI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiby Rawung ◽  
Jane Wuisan ◽  
Michael A. Leman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
T Test ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Salivary Ph ◽  
Before And After

Abstract: Mouthwash is one of the accessible oral healthcare and practical for use by the community. Various commercial products contain more than one active ingredient; the most common one is alcohol with varied concentrations from 6% to 26%. Mouthwash with high concentration of alcohol can cause some effects to some users, like burning and dry sensation of the oral mucosa. Dry oral mucosa caused by reduced saliva production will be more susceptible to irritation. Reduced amount of saliva also causes lower oral pH which leads to increased growth of cariogenic bacteria. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of alcoholic mouthwash to salivary flow and salivary pH. This was a quasi-experiment study with before and after treatment groups. The population study was students of Dental Medical Education Program of Medical Faculty of University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, batch 2012, with a total of 30 respondents obtained by using purposive sampling method. The T test showed that salivary flow rate before and after treatment had no significant difference (p >0.05) based on T test. Moreover, the Wilcoxon test showed that there was no significant difference of salivary pH between before and after treatment (p >0.05). Conclusion: There was no effect of rinsing with alcoholic mouthwash on salivary flow and salivary pH.Keywords: alcoholic mouthwash, salivary flow rate, salivary pH Abstrak: Obat kumur merupakan salah satu produk perawatan kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang mudah diperoleh dan praktis digunakan sendiri oleh masyarakat. Berbagai produk komersial mengandung lebih dari satu bahan aktif; salah satunya yaitu alkohol dengan konsentrasi bervariasi dari 6% hingga 26,9%. Kandungan alkohol yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan efek bagi sebagian pengguna, seperti sensasi terbakar dan kering di area mukosa mulut disebabkan berkurangnya saliva yang memudahkan terjadinya iritasi. Berkurangnya saliva juga menyebabkan pH mulut rendah sehingga pertumbuhan bakteri kariogenik meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimen semu dengan kelompok sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Populasi penelitian yaitu mahasiswa Angkatan Tahun 2012 Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Gigi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado yang berjumlah 30 responden, diperoleh dengan purposive sampling. Hasil uji T berpasangan mennunjukkan data laju aliran saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Berdasarkan uji Wilcoxon, data pH saliva sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan tidak memiliki perbedaan bermakna (p >0,05). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat pengaruh berkumur dengan obat kumur beralkohol terhadap laju aliran saliva dan pH saliva.Kata kunci: obat kumur beralkohol, laju aliran saliva, pH saliva

scholarly journals Saliva diagnostic utility in patients with type 2 diabetes: Future standard method

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Mrag ◽  
Asma Kassab ◽  
Asma Omezzine ◽  
Raoua Belkacem Chebil ◽  
Fatma Ben Fredj Ismail ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Oral Exam ◽  
Whole Saliva ◽  
Significant Difference

Summary Background The purpose of the present study was to assess saliva reliability in diagnosis and monitoring type 2 diabetes instead of blood. Methods Blood and unstimulated whole saliva were collected from 300 type 2 diabetic subjects and 300 healthy controls in fasting. Then, the salivary flow rate was calculated. All parameters including glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunoglobulin A (IgA), potassium, calcium and chloride were assessed in the supernatant, using an autoanalyzer. Oral exam was conducted by a single examiner on full mouth excluding third molars. Statistical analysis was performed by the SPSS 20.0 version. Results Saliva screening showed that glucose, urea, amylase, total protein, potassium, calcium and chloride were significantly higher in patients compared to controls (p < 0.05). Whereas, the IgA level and salivary flow rate were significantly reduced in patients (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in albumin and CRP levels (p = 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between salivary and plasma glucose levels (r = 0.887, and r = 0.900, p < 0.001), as well as, salivary and blood urea (r = 0.586, and r = 0.688, p < 0.001) in patients and controls, respectively. Conclusions From this study, saliva could be suggested as a useful diagnostic tool for type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Variations of salivary flow rates in Brazilian school children

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Regina Torres ◽  
Marcio Nucci ◽  
Estevão Milanos ◽  
Renata Pessoa Pereira ◽  
Alessandra Massaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
School Children ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Whole Saliva

The salivary flow rate (SFR) in healthy individuals may vary according to different factors. There is a scarcity of studies from different geographical areas that analyze SFR variations in children. The aim of this study was to verify stimulated salivary flow rate (SFR) variations in 6 to 12-year-old children, from four different public schools of Rio de Janeiro and correlate these data to gender, age, type of dentition, and health status. Clinical data were taken from the children's medical records that were kept at those schools. Oral examination and sialometry were performed in every child. Salivary flow rate was obtained by chewing-stimulated whole saliva under standard conditions. There were significant differences in SFR according to age (p = 0.0003). Six and 12-year-old children showed the lowest SFR, and when they were excluded from the analysis, no significant differences were found (p = 0.21). There were also significant differences in SFR among children from different public schools (p = 0.0009). The gender did not show any correlation to SFR, even when children were stratified by age (p = 0.36). Correlation between SFR and deciduous, mixed or permanent dentition was not found as well. These results show that the analyzed clinical variables did not seem to influence SFR in this children population.

scholarly journals Differences in the salivary inorganic ions levels and salivary flow rate of the periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizki Amalina ◽  
Mahdalena Mahdalena ◽  
Grahita Aditya
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Plaque Deposition ◽  
Periodontal Inflammation ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Saliva Flow

Introduction: Saliva contains numerous proteins and electrolytes that may serve as biomarkers of pathological conditions, including periodontitis. Saliva flow also influenced by pathological conditions, such as periodontitis. Therefore, saliva analysis, as one of the biomarker source needs to be examined. This study was aimed to analyse the differences salivary inorganic ions levels (calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate) and salivary flow rate in periodontitis and non-periodontitis patients. Methods: This research was analytic-observational using two groups, the healthy periodontal group consisting of 21 people (PI scores between 0-0.2) and the periodontitis group consisting of 21 people (PI scores between 0.7-8.0). Unstimulated saliva was collected using a passive drolling method. The calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate levels in the saliva were analysed using UV/Vis spectrophotometers. Results: Calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate levels in saliva were different between groups. Salivary flow rate also different between groups. There was a significant difference (p = 0.00) in the calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate levels between groups (t-test), and also significantly different (p = 0.000) salivary flow rate between groups. The higher the salivary flow rate, the higher the levels of calcium, phosphate and bicarbonate would be. Conclusion: Periodontitis condition increases the level of salivary inorganic ions and salivary flow rate because of periodontal inflammation. This inflammation mainly because of plaque deposition and calculus. Increased level of inorganic ions in the saliva such as calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate, and also the salivary flow rate indicates the existence of a periodontal disease.

Studies on Fluoride Concentrations in Human Submandibular/Sublingual Saliva and their Relation to Flow Rate and Plasma Fluoride Levels

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Oliveby ◽  
F. Lagerlof ◽  
J. Ekstrand ◽  
C. Dawes
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Impression Material ◽  
Collection Device ◽  
Unstimulated Saliva ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gustatory Stimulation ◽  
Highly Correlated

Submandibular/sublingual saliva and blood were collected from five subjects after ingestion of 1 mg fluoride as NaF. An individual collection device, made from a silicone impression material, was used to collect the saliva in 10-minute samples, before and during 2 hr after the fluoride intake. In two separate experiments on each individual, submandibular/sublingual saliva was collected continuously at different flow rates: without stimulation and with gustatory stimulation. Blood was also collected at intervals throughout the experiments. The concentration of fluoride in the submandibularlsublingual saliva was less than that in the plasma but independent of salivary flow rate. The ratio between the saliva and plasma fluoride concentrations at the peak of the mean plasma fluoride concentrations was 0.55 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.11 in the experiments on unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow rate, respectively. The total amount of the ingested fluoride dose that was excreted through the submandibular/sublingual glands during 130 min was highly correlated with the salivary flow rate. The fraction of the ingested fluoride dose excreted in 2 hr was 0.04 ± 0.02% in the unstimulated saliva and 0.15 ± 0.09% in the stimulated saliva.

scholarly journals Salivary Flow Rates of Nigerian Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-control Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elijah Olufemi Oyetola ◽  
Foluso John Owotade ◽  
Gbemisola Adewumi Agbelusi ◽  
Olawumi Fatusi ◽  
Abubakar Sanusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Salivary Flow ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Salivary Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Blood Creatinine

ABSTRACT Aims and objectives The study determined the relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and changes in salivary flow and the complications of reduced salivary flow among African subjects with CKD compared with the controls. Materials and methods One hundred and eighty patients, 90 CKD and 90 controls were recruited, interviewed and examined. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva collection was done with standardized spitting method. Urinalysis and blood creatinine levels were determined and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of each patient was calculated from the blood creatinine using Cockcroft and Gault formula. Statistical analysis was done using STATA 11 software. Results The mean stimulated and unstimulated whole salivary flow rate among CKD subjects were 4.07 ± 1.91 and 2.34 ± 0.99 ml/5 min respectively and is significantly lower than that of the controls which were 8.05 ± 3.95 ml/5 min and 3.82 ± 2.27 ml/5 min for stimulated and unstimulated flow rates. Oral signs of reduced salivary flow were found in 80% of CKD patients. The commonest oral finding was taste abnormalities others are burning sensation, halitosis and difficulty in mastication. Conclusion Patients with CKD had reduced stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate. Reduced salivary flow was associated with oral lesions in majority (80%) of CKD patients, the commonest finding being taste abnormalities. How to cite this article Oyetola EO, Owotade FJ, Agbelusi GA, Fatusi O, Sanusi A, Adesina OM. Salivary Flow Rates of Nigerian Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-control Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(4):264-269.

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