scholarly journals EVALUATION OF PHARMACOECONOMIC DIRECT COST IN DIABETES PATIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Venkateswarlu Konuru ◽  
Kamala Sangam ◽  
Anifa Mohammed ◽  
Swathi Kanneganti
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Diabetic Patient ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Total Average Cost ◽  
Total Average

Objective:  Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a major cause of disability, morbidity and mortality Worldwide. The objective of this study is to evaluate the Pharmacoeconomic direct health care cost in type II Diabetes with complications and Diabetes alone: A cost of illness study. Methods:  A Prospective observational study was conducted for one year at the Care diabetes Center; Warangal. The enrolled patients were followed and the information collected contains: total direct costs, which include direct medical costs and direct nonmedical cost. The data observed was analyzed for the average cost incurred in treating the diabetic patient. Results:  The total average costs per diabetic patient without complications was Rs. 8695.7±1341,  this includes the average direct medical cost Rs. 6366.50± 561.12, the average lab cost Rs. 1368.84±64.8, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs. 960.36±14.04 compared to  those with DM complications,the total average cost was Rs. 12960.73±549.96 for macro vascular complications, Rs. 11039.11±265.36 for micro vascular complications. To treat Diabetes with comorbidities which include both micro and macro complications the total average cost was  Rs. 16658.13±1393.44, the average direct medical cost was Rs. 14071.77±2884.68, the average lab cost Rs. 1628.04±51, the average direct non Medical Cost was Rs.958.32±13.08. The costs were found to increase progressively with the increase in the number of complications. Costs also differed significantly across the types of complications. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the cost of Diabetes with complications resulted about 2 times higher than compared to Diabetes alone.Key words:  Cost analysis; diabetes; economics; health care; direct medical cost; non medical cost

scholarly journals Hidden Costs of Hospital-Based Delivery Among Women Using Public Hospitals in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 215013271989644
Author(s):  
Melese Merga ◽  
Tilahun Fufa Debela ◽  
Tesfamichael Alaro
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Hidden Cost ◽  
Bale Zone ◽  
Care System

Background: The Ethiopian health care system since 2005 has encouraged safe enhanced obstetrical care. However, hospital delivery has remained expensive for poor households due to hidden costs. Hidden costs are the costs that are not accounted for in direct hospital costs. The aim of this study was to estimate the hidden costs of institutional delivery and to identify its associated factors. Methods: A health facility–based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bale zone from August 13 to September 2, 2018. Exit interviews were conducted among women who gave birth at the selected hospitals. A total of 390 women from 1 referral hospital and 2 general hospitals were included into the study. Systematic sampling technique was used to select study participants. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to identify the predictors of the hidden cost of institutional delivery. Result: The median hidden cost of institutional delivery was 877.5 ETB (32.03 USD). The median of the direct medical cost of normal delivery was 280 ETB (10.21 USD) while the direct nonmedical cost was 230 ETB (8.40 USD). For cesarean section, the median direct medical cost was 292 ETB (10.66 USD) while indirect costs were 591 ETB (21.60 USD). For forceps delivery, the direct medical cost was 362 ETB (13.21 USD) while the direct medical cost was 360 (13.14 USD). Distance of household from the hospital (β = 0.165), length of stay at the hospital (β = 0.050), mode of delivery (β = −0.067), and family monthly income (β = 0.201) were the explanatory variables significantly associated with the hidden cost. Conclusion: This study showed hidden cost of facility-based delivery was high. Distance, length of stay, income, and mode of delivery were the predictor of hidden cost. Ethiopian health care system should consider the hidden costs for pregnant women and their families.

scholarly journals Financial Impact and Causes of Chronic Musculoskeletal Disease Cases in Malaysia Based on Social Security Organization of Malaysia Claims Record

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.24) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Norsheila Zainal Abidin ◽  
Jafri Mohd. Rohani ◽  
Athirah Nadia Nordin ◽  
Raemy Md. Zein ◽  
Augeny Satik anak Ayak
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Direct Cost ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disease ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Total Average Cost ◽  
Total Average

This paper analyzed total direct cost that is paid by the Social Security Organization of Malaysia (SOCSO) to the Malaysian workers due to musculoskeletal disease. The objectives of this study are 1) to determine the total direct costs incurred as a result of cases of chronic musculoskeletal injuries that was approved by SOCSO from 2009 to 2014 and 2) to examine the age category imposed for the total average cost of the highest MSDs claims for the four categories setting. The data provided by SOCSO on occupational diseases and adopt the top-down approach which includes of 416 claims reported between 2009 and 2014. The categories recorded are the highest total direct cost for types of industries, types of injury, causes of accident and type of body parts. The age claimant is then identified from total average cost earned from the highest total direct cost of the four categories. Manufacturing industry, strenuous movement, sprain and strain and back are recorded as highest total direct cost with the cost of RM 5,181,282.34, RM 7,088,839.51, RM 8,753,975.13, and RM 5,526,590.69, respectively. The age group of 35 – 44 years is recorded as the highest total average cost of these four parameters. This study will provide the basis for future studies and intervention on MSD related injuries in working environment in Malaysia.  

Management of basal cell carcinoma in the United States: Can we simplify care and reduce cost?

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (30_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Xinyuan Wu ◽  
Elena B. Elkin ◽  
Jason Chih-Shan Chen ◽  
Ashfaq A. Marghoob
Keyword(s):  
Basal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Total Average Cost ◽  
Total Average

17 Background: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in the US, affecting more than 3 million people every year, and the incidence of BCC is increasing. Traditional management of BCC involves multiple physician visits and a pre-treatment biopsy which may be unnecessary. We assessed the costs of treating BCC, comparing traditional management with a simplified scheme. Methods: We developed a decision analytic model to compare the costs of traditional BCC management with a simplified Detect and Treat (DAT) scheme that eliminates pre-treatment biopsy. We assumed that all patients had an unequivocal BCC diagnosis based on clinical and dermoscopic findings. In the traditional approach, all patients had a biopsy prior to treatment. In the DAT scheme, well delineated lesions ≤1cm in diameter on the trunk and extremities were treated with shave removal and Mohs indicated lesions were referred to Mohs for on-site histologic check, both eliminating pre-treatment biopsy. Distributions of lesion location, size and treatment modality, and estimates of clinical diagnostic accuracy and success of shave removal were from the literature and from an analysis of 240 consecutive BCC cases seen over 5 years at our institution. Costs were based on assumptions about the number of dermatologist visits, tests and procedures required for each strategy, and unit prices from the 2014 Medicare physician fee schedule. Results: The average cost per case in the DAT scheme was $449 for non-Mohs-indicated lesions and $819 for Mohs-indicated lesions, compared with $566 and $864, respectively, with traditional management. DAT was associated with a savings of $117 (21% of total average cost) per non-Mohs-indicated case and $45 (5% of total average cost) per Mohs-indicated case. The combined weighted average savings per case was $95 (15% of total average cost). The magnitude of savings varied with changes in model parameters, but conclusions were similar under a wide range of plausible scenarios. Conclusions: A simplified management strategy that avoids routine pre-treatment biopsy can reduce the cost of treating BCC without compromising quality of care.

Joint reliability based design and periodic preventive maintenance policy for systems sold with warranty

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N. Darghouth ◽  
Daoud Ait-Kadi ◽  
Anis Chelbi
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Maintenance Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Warranty Period ◽  
Reliability Based Design ◽  
Total Average Cost ◽  
Total Average

Purpose – The authors consider a system which is a part of a complex equipment (e.g. aircraft, automobile, medical equipment, production machine, etc.), and which consists of N independent series subsystems. The purpose of this paper is to determine simultaneously the system design (reliability) and its preventive maintenance (PM) replacements periodicity which minimize the total average cost per time unit over the equipment useful life, taking into account a minimum required reliability level between consecutive replacements. Design/methodology/approach – The problem is tackled in the context of reliability-based design (RBD) considering at the same time the burn-in of components, the warranty commitment and the maintenance strategy to be adopted. A mathematical model is developed to express the total average cost per time unit to be minimized under a reliability constraint. The total average cost includes the cost of acquiring and assembling components, the burn-in of each component, preventive and corrective replacements performed during the warranty and post-warranty periods. A numerical procedure is proposed to solve the problem. Findings – For any given set of input data including components reliability, their cost and the costs of their preventive and corrective replacements, the system design (reliability) and the periodicity of preventive replacement during the post-warranty period is obtained such as the system’s total average cost per time unit is minimized. The obtained results clearly indicate that a decrease in the number of PM actions to be performed during the post-warranty period increases the number of components to be added at each subsystem at the design stage. Research limitations/implications – Given that the objective function (cost rate function) to be minimized is non-linear and involves several integer variables, it has not been possible to derive the optimal solution. A numerical procedure based on a heuristic approach has been proposed to solve the problem finding a nearly optimal solution for a given set of input data. Practical implications – This paper offers to manufacturers a comprehensive approach to look for the most economical combination of the reliability level to be given to their products at the design stage, on one hand, and the PM policy to be adopted, on the other hand, given the offered warranty and service for the products and reliability requirements during the life cycle. Originality/value – While the RBD problem has been largely treated, most of the published works have focussed on the development or the improvement of solving techniques used to find the optimal configuration. In this paper the authors provide a more comprehensive approach that considers simultaneously RBD, the burn-in and warranty periods, along with the maintenance policy to be adopted. The authors also consider the context of products whose component failures cannot be rectified through repair actions. They can only be fixed by replacement.

scholarly journals Evaluation of health care cost of diabetes with co-morbidities in South India- A cost of illness study

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. A189-A190
Author(s):  
U.V. Mateti ◽  
S. Akari ◽  
K. Buchireddy ◽  
N.N. Anantha
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
South India ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Illness Study ◽  
Cost Of Illness Study

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI KENTANG DI DESA SINSINGON KECAMATAN PASSI TIMUR KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Ferry Runturambi ◽  
Rine Kaunang ◽  
Theodora Maulina Katiandagho
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Total Average Cost ◽  
Total Average

This study aims to analyze the income of potato farming in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research was conducted in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Sampling in this study was carried out by simple random sampling, as many as 30 farmers who worked on potatoes. This research uses primary and secondary data. Primary data collection was carried out by direct interview with potato farmers in Sinsingon Village. Secondary data were collected from the Sinsingon Village Office and Passi Timur Sub-district Agriculutural Extension Office. Data analysis uses the formula for income and R / C ratio. The results showed that the average potato farm receipts per farmer was Rp. 18,746,000 and the total average cost per farmer is Rp. 10,891,458.33 and produce an average income per farmer of Rp. 7,854,541.67 so as to obtain an R / C ratio of> 1 which is 1.72, it means that the potato farming in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District is experiencing profit so that this business is worth the effort.*eprm*

scholarly journals PHARMACOECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ACUTE EXACERBATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE AT A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL IN NORTH KARNATAKA, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul S ◽  
Abhinand Cr ◽  
Nikithareddy B ◽  
Jayachandra K ◽  
Lakshmi P ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Total Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Acute Exacerbations

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the burden of cost in patients of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD).Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted in COPD patients over a period of 6 months in general medicine and pulmonary wards of Navodaya Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Raichur, Karnataka, India. Direct medical and non-medical cost were included in the burden of cost. From the drug rate manual of hospital, cost for drugs and investigation were calculated.Results: Overall 100 COPD patients were enrolled in which 92 were male and 8 were female with a mean age of 60.33±10.98. The patients participated in this study were stayed in the hospital with mean±standard deviation (SD) value of 9±3. Minimum total direct medical cost was Rs. 1149.00 and maximum was Rs. 13,510.00 with a mean±SD 3297.48±1634.226, in which medicine cost was high (mean 2746.63). Minimum total direct non-medical cost was Rs. 100.00 and maximum was Rs. 3470.00 with a mean±SD 700.7±487.121, in which food expenses was high (mean 549.55). Maximum total direct cost was Rs.16,980.00 and minimum was 1349.00 with a mean± SD 3998.18±1921.47. Direct medical cost contributes 79.56% and direct non-medical cost contribute 20.44% of total direct cost.Conclusion: COPD has a substantial impact on health-care costs particularly for hospitalization. Exacerbation prevention resulting in reduced need for inpatient care could lower costs. The development of pharmacoeconomic is at an infancy stage in India at the moment, despite the rapid growth of clinical research. In a country with scarce resources and an ever-growing population with diverse health-care needs, health economics (Pharmacoeconomic evaluation) plays a pivotal role in determining the delivery of equitable and cost-effective health services.

scholarly journals Economic burden of lung cancer in Turkey: a cost of illness study from payer perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Cicin ◽  
Ergun Oksuz ◽  
Nuri Karadurmus ◽  
Simten Malhan ◽  
Mahmut Gumus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Direct Medical Cost ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Medical Cost ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Illness Study

Abstract Background This study was designed to estimate economic burden of lung cancer in Turkey from payer perspective based on expert panel opinion on practice patterns in clinical practice. Methods In this cost of illness study, direct medical cost was calculated based on cost items related to outpatient visits, laboratory and radiological tests, hospitalizations/interventions, drug treatment, adverse events and metastasis. Indirect cost was calculated based on lost productivity due to early retirement, morbidity and premature death resulting from the illness, the value of lost productivity due to time spent by family caregivers and cost of formal caregivers. Results Cost analysis revealed the total per patient annual direct medical cost for small cell lung cancer to be €8772), for non-small-cell lung cancer to be €10,167. Total annual direct medical cost was €497.9 million, total annual indirect medical cost was €1.1 billion and total economic burden of lung cancer was €1.6 billion. Hospitalization/interventions (41%) and indirect costs (68.6%) were the major cost drivers for total direct costs and the overall economic burden of lung cancer, respectively. Conclusions Our findings indicate per patient direct medical costs of small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer to be substantial and comparable, indicating the substantial economic burden of lung cancer in terms of both direct and indirect costs. Our findings indicate that hospitalization/interventions cost item and indirect costs were the major cost drivers for total direct costs and the overall economic burden of lung cancer, respectively. Our findings emphasize the potential role of improved cancer prevention and early diagnosis strategies, by enabling cost savings related to drug treatment and metastasis management cost items, in sustainability of cancer treatments.

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