scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN IRULA TRIBAL POPULATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramya Dinesh ◽  
Ramalakshmi S
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tribal Population ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
B Virus

 Objective: The study is to analyze the prevalence of infections caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), and to analyze of risk factors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) transmission among the Irula tribes of Tamil Nadu.Methods: Serum samples were collected from 350 participants of Irula tribes from 15 different locations of Tamil Nadu. All serum samples were tested for serological markers of HBV (HBsAg) by 3rd generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit, and the data were subjected to analyze using SPSS (version 17.0) and Chi-square test to determine the risk factors of HBV among Irula tribes.Results: In the study, HBsAg positivity was observed in a higher percentage in males 10 (8.47%) than females 9 (3.54%) and their all age groups indicate the high prevalence of HBV infection in Irula tribes. Analysis of risk factors showed that jaundice in family (JF), tattooing, series of injection, sexual promiscuity, and surgery with blood transfusion plays a major role in transmission in spread of HBV.Conclusion: Hepatitis B is a major health problem in Irula tribes and needs to design intervention strategies among Irula tribal population.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among the Tribal Population of Attapady, Kerala,India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Jose Manjiyil ◽  
Kavitha Paul Konikkara
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Tribal Population ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
B Virus

Introduction: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection remains a significant global health concern that may cause acute or chronic hepatitis. Chronically infected patients are at risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The disease causes a problem in the tribal communities. There are lack of studies on the prevalence of HBV among the tribal population. Aim: To assess the seroprevalence of HBV infection among the tribal population of Attapady, Kerala. Materials and Methods: This was a community based cross- sectional study conducted on serum samples collected from 269 subjects among the tribal population of Attapady. Serum samples were tested for quantitative antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Total hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) and IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti HBc IgM), frequencies were obtained using proportion and 95% Confidence Interval CI. Results: The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 10.4%. HBeAg was detected in 7.1% of HBsAg positive patients. 21.2% had protective anti-HBs titer. Anti-HBe was detected in five patients. Anti-HBc total and anti-HBc IgM were positive for 26.7% and 2.6%, respectively. Anti-HBc IgM alone and isolated anti-HBc were detected in 1.5% and 5.9 %, respectively. Anti-HBs and anti-HBc total both became positive in 8.6% cases. Conclusion: HBV infection poses a huge burden on tribal health. All HBsAg positive patients should be tested further to determine the stage of the disease. There is need to explore high HBV prevalence areas with studies on associated risk factors to bring out the ongoing transmission process and focus on preventive measures. HBV vaccination, antenatal screening, and health awareness should be given priority to tackle the burden.

How Far we are towards Eradication of HBV Infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Voiculescu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
T Cell Receptors ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Cell Receptors ◽  
B Virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem with an important biological and a significant socio-economic impact all over the world. There is a high pressure to come up with a new and more efficient strategy against HBV infection, especially after the recent success of HCV treatment. Preventing HBV infection through vaccine is currently the most efficient way to decrease HBV-related cirrhosis and liver cancer incidence, as well as the best way to suppress the HBV reservoir. The vaccine is safe and efficient in 80-95% of cases. One of its most important roles is to reduce materno-fetal transmission, by giving the first dose of vaccine in the first 24 hours after birth. Transmission of HBV infection early in life is still frequent, especially in countries with high endemicity.Successful HBV clearance by the host is immune-mediated, with a complex combined innate and adaptive cellular and humoral immune response. Different factors, such as the quantity and the sequence of HBV epitope during processing by dendritic cells and presenting by different HLA molecules or the polymorphism of T cell receptors (TOL) are part of a complex network which influences the final response. A new potential therapeutic strategy is to restore T-cell antiviral function and to improve innate and adaptive immune response by immunotherapeutic manipulation.It appears that HBV eradication is far from being completed in the next decades, and a new strategy against HBV infection must be considered. Abbreviations: ALT: alanine aminotransferase; APC: antigen presenting cells; cccDNA: covalently closed circular DNA; HBIG: hepatitis B immunoglobulin; HbsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocyte; IFN: interferon; NUC: nucleos(t)ide analogues; pg RNA: pre genomic RNA; TLR: toll-like receptors; TOL: T cell receptors.

scholarly journals Expression Level of Small Envelope Protein in Addition to Sequence Divergence inside Its Major Hydrophilic Region Contributes to More Efficient Surface Antigen Secretion by Hepatitis B Virus Subgenotype D2 than Subgenotype A2

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 967
Author(s):  
Qianru Wang ◽  
Shuwen Fu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Quan Yuan ◽  
Jisu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Envelope Protein ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Huh7 Cells ◽  
B Virus

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) promotes persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It primarily corresponds to small (S) envelope protein secreted as subviral particles. We previously found that genotype D clones expressed less S protein than genotype A clones but showed higher extracellular/intracellular ratio of HBsAg suggesting more efficient secretion. The current study aimed to characterize the underlying mechanism(s) by comparing a subgenotype A2 clone (geno5.4) with a subgenotype D2 clone (geno1.2). Five types of full-length or subgenomic constructs were transfected to Huh7 cells at different dosage. HBsAg was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay while envelope proteins were detected by Western blot. We found that ratio of extracellular/intracellular HBsAg decreased at increasing amounts of DNA transfected. Conflicting findings from two types of subgenomic construct confirmed stronger secretion inhibitory effect of the genotype D-derived large envelope protein. Chimeric constructs followed by site-directed mutagenesis revealed geno1.2 specific V118/T127 and F161/A168 in the S protein as promoting and inhibitory of HBsAg secretion, respectively. In conclusion, more efficient HBsAg secretion by subgenotype D2 than subgenotype A2 is attributed to lower level of S protein expression in addition to V118 and T127 in S protein, although its F161 and A168 sequences rather reduce HBsAg secretion.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B virus transmission among children in Enugu, Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
ND Uleanya ◽  
EO Obidike
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection has reached pandemic proportions all over the world with areas of highest prevalence being the sub- Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Most deaths related to HBV are due to complications from chronic infection. Acquisition of infection at a younger age is the most important predictor of chronicity. Eradication of HBV is an important but difficult tasks facing public health. HB immunization is the single most important factor in hepatitis B control and was commenced in 2004 in Nigeria.Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among children in the era of HB immunization, the risk factors of transmission and knowledge of mothers about their HB status.Methods: A cross sectional study carried out on one hundred and forty children aged 18 months to 15 years at the children outpatient clinic (CHOP) of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was determined using Determine Test Kits and a structured interviewer administered questionnaire administered.Results: Six were positive for HBsAg, giving a prevalence rate of 4.3%. HBsAg was least prevalent among children 1-5 years (2%). None of the children ≤ 5 years who received HB vaccination was positive for HBsAg though one child > 5 years who received the vaccine was positive. Sharing of toothbrushes among siblings was found to be a significantly associated risk factor. Only 6.4% of mothers knew their hepatitis B status.Conclusion: There is a gradual fall in the prevalence of HBsAg in our environment due to HB immunization. Sharing of toothbrushes may be a potent means of transmission of HBV infection.Keywords: HBV, Prevalence, Children, Transmission, HB immunization

scholarly journals Development and Technical and Clinical Validation of a Quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Human Antibodies to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Recipients of Recombinant Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1236-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Cambron ◽  
Jeanne-Marie Jacquet ◽  
Bernard Hoet ◽  
Marc Lievens
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Limit Of Quantitation ◽  
B Virus

ABSTRACT Pending removal from the market of a commercial assay (the AUSAB [Abbott Laboratories] enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) for the determination of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), a new in-house quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs) was developed (anti-HBs in-house). Specific anti-HBs antibodies were sandwiched between the precoated HBsAg ad and ay subtypes purified from plasma from hepatitis B virus (HBV) human carriers and the recombinant HBsAg adw2 subtype tagged with horseradish peroxidase. The assay was calibrated against the 1st International Reference Preparation for anti-hepatitis B immunoglobulin (lot 1977-W1042). Analytical sensitivity and the limit of quantitation were estimated at 0.43 mIU/ml and 2.0 mIU/ml, respectively. Overall reproducibility was 11.86%, and accuracy was estimated to be 94.89%. More than 4,000 samples from seven clinical trials were tested with the anti-HBs in-house assay and compared to results generated with AUSAB EIA and AUSAB radioimmunoassay (RIA). During the technical validation, the anti-HBs in-house assay was compared to the AUSAB RIA as a reference (n = 919). Overall assessment of concordance and Deming's regression analysis were performed. The coefficient of correlation between the AUSAB RIA and anti-HBs in-house assay was 0.9815 with a slope of 0.9187. The overall agreement between anti-HBs in-house and AUSAB RIA was 97.61%, considering the clinical cutoffs at 3.3 mIU/ml and 1.0 mIU/ml for the respective assays. From a clinical perspective, seroprotection rates and anti-HBs geometric mean antibody concentrations for individual studies calculated with either the in-house assay or the reference assays were similar. Conclusions of individual studies were confirmed. The performance characteristics of the in-house assay are acceptable. There is no evidence that use of the new assay would lead to different clinical conclusions from the reference method.

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in The Netherlands in 1996 and 2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
pp. 1469-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. M. HAHNÉ ◽  
H. E. DE MELKER ◽  
M. KRETZSCHMAR ◽  
L. MOLLEMA ◽  
F. R. VAN DER KLIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Core Antigen ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
B Virus

SUMMARYWe aimed to assess differences in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in The Netherlands between 1996 and 2007, and to identify risk factors for HBV infection in 2007. Representative samples of the Dutch population in 1996 and 2007 were tested for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV-DNA. In 2007, the weighted anti-HBc prevalence was 3·5% (95% CI 2·2–5·5) and the HBsAg prevalence was 0·2% (95% CI 0·1–0·4). In indigenous Dutch participants, the anti-HBc prevalence was lower in 2007 than in 1996 (P=0·06). First-generation migrants (FGMs) had a 13-fold greater risk of being HBsAg- and/or HBV-DNA-positive than indigenous Dutch participants. In indigenous Dutch participants, risk factors for anti-HBc positivity were older age and having received a blood product before 1990. In FGMs, being of Asian origin was a risk factor. In second-generation migrants, having a foreign-born partner and injecting drug use were risk factors. FGMs are the main target group for secondary HBV prevention in The Netherlands.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATIONS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG STUDENTS OF TRADITIONAL SCHOOLS, EAST NILE LOCALITY, KHARTOUM, SUDAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Traditional Schools ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infection ◽  
Major Health Problem ◽  
Children And Adolescent ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
B Virus

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major health problem causing considerable morbidity and mortality from both acute infection and chronic sequels including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and the associated factors among children and adolescent in the traditional schools, East Nile locality. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional school-based study. Sero-prevalence survey was conducted among school children and adolescent aged 2–19 years. Total sample of 880 students were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in serum using immune-chromatographic assay. Data were analyzed using IBM statistical package for social sciences version 20 with statistical significance of (p<0.05). Results: A total of 4.2% tested positive for HBsAg, (3.2%) among children and (4.3%) among adolescent, this is lower than the reported prevalence in the country. There was no significant association between the pre-determined risk factors and hepatitis B virus infection in the study group. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV infections in this study was lower than the overall prevalence in Sudan. Further studies are needed to evaluate the risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection among children and adolescents in Sudan. Hepatitis B virus vaccine should be implemented in the vaccination program for children, in addition to awareness campaigns about the virus and transmission methods.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection amongst Pregnant Women in a Community North Central Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Ndako, James A ◽  
Mawak, John D ◽  
Fajobi, Victor O ◽  
Ilochi Ifeanyi ◽  
Oludolapo Olatinsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
World Population ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
B Virus ◽  
High Prevalence

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a global challenge mostly in developing countries. Hepatitis B virus has infected almost one third of the world population. Pregnant women infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) can transmit the infection to their fetuses and newborns. As a result of the developing status of most of our communities screening of antenatal attendees is rarely done as a routine in most health facilities that offers antenatal services, hence the need for this studies at our location of study. Methods: One hundred and ninety (190) serum samples were screened among pregnant women on ante-natal care, using standard ELISA method. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to individuals to determine incidence rates and identify relative risk factors that predispose subjects to the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Results: From the total samples screened, Sixty-three, 63 (33.2%) were found to be positive for Hepatitis B virus. The highest prevalence was found among those aged 21-30 with overall number of 37(19.5%) Positivity, X2 =1.508; P=0.471. Considering educational status of subjects screened, high prevalence was recorded among those without formal education with 25(13.2%) Prevalence, x2= 5.381; P = 0.146 considering the various risk factors, subjects with history of tattooing/tribal markings recorded 41(21.6%), while women in their second trimester of pregnancy had a higher prevalence of 42(22.2%). Conclusions: This study recorded a high prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection amongst pregnant women at our study location, which also reflects high probable risks of HBV perinatal transmission. It is therefore strongly recommended that pregnant women be routinely screened for Hepatitis B virus infection as part of antenatal care services.

scholarly journals Sero-survey of Hepatitis B surface antigen amongst pregnant women attending Infectious Disease Hospital Bayara, Bauchi State, Nigeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
James A. Ndako ◽  
Georgebest ON. Echeonwu ◽  
Obinna O. Nwankiti ◽  
Emamuzou M. Onovoh ◽  
Alloysius U. Jah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Surface Antigen ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Neonatal Infection ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
B Virus

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to cause serious health problems in developing countries. Neonatal infection with HBV, which is often acquired during delivery, carries a high risk resulting in persistent infection. This research aims to detect the prevalence of Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) among pregnant women in our location of study. One hundred and eighty (180) sera samples were screened among pregnant women aged 13-49, using standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Structured questionnaire were administered to the subjects to obtain demographic and other relevant data. Overall result showed that 31 (17.2%) were found to be positive for HBsAg among the total subjects screened. The highest prevalence was found among those aged 20-29 with 11 (6.1%) seropositivity (x2=7.902; P=0.048). Considering occupational distribution of volunteer subjects, a high prevalence of 12 (6.7%); P&lt;0.05 was recorded among house wives, which shows a measure of significance compared to other women screened. Furthermore, based on various risk factors subjects with history of surgery and use of unsterilized sharp instruments recorded 15 (8.3%) prevalence (P=0.233; P&gt;0.05). How ever, women in their second trimester of pregnancy recorded a higher prevalence of 23 (12.8%):(P=0.080; P&lt;0.05). This study therefore emphasizes the public health importance of HBV among pregnant women and equally suggests that children born to women with Hepatitis B Virus, be closely monitored for infection beyond the one and the half years of age, this also calls for a proper enlightenment on the dangers posed by the virus, while a well designed vaccination schedule is advocated among the general population.

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