scholarly journals ANATOMICAL STUDIES OF THE FRUIT OF ZIZIPHUS RUGOSA

2019 ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
PREMA G ◽  
CHITRA M
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Vascular Strand ◽  
Tannin Content ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Longitudinal View ◽  
Deficiency Diseases ◽  
Dense Accumulation

Objective: The objective of this study was to study the anatomical features of the fruit Ziziphus rugosa. Methods: Surface view, longitudinal, transverse section (T.S), and powder microscopy of the fruits were studied. Results: The fruit is a drupe and shows vertical, irregular brown markings on the surface. The surface of the seed has irregular reticulate thick marking of brown. The longitudinal sections (L.S) of the fruit show thin green epicarp, wide soft mesocarp, and dark brown thick endocarp. In longitudinal view, the seed shows a thick conical part, thick wide shell which is hard. In the cotyledon is more or less cordate,white and soft with shallow notch at the upper end. In T.S, the fruit appears circular with soft pericarp, thick dark brown seed coat of sclereids, and vertically elongated white cotyledon. The epicarp layer is broken at certain places. In the mesocarp, some of the cells have dense tannin content and others have mucilage substance. The mucilaginous canals are wide, unbranched, and wavy. Some of the mesocarp cells contain dense accumulation of protein bodies. The sclerotesta contains palisade or macrosclereids. The seed consists of two elliptical, flat cotyledons which show dense accumulation of starch grains and small less prominent vascular strand. The powder microscopy of the fruit contains abundant dark mucilaginous substance. Fragments of epidermal cells of the pericarp and mesocarp cells are frequently seen. The seed coat epidermal cells are polyhedral with lignified cell walls. The circular brachy sclereids were often seen in the mesophyll tissue of the fruit. The ground parenchyma with various shapes and size is also noticed. Conclusion: This study revealed the presence of mucilaginous substance, tannin, sclereids, starch grains, and protein bodies. Therefore, this material will be efficient for eliminating some nutritional deficiency diseases.

Cytology of mucilage production in the seed coat of Candle canola (Brassica campestris)

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Van Caeseele ◽  
J. T. Mills ◽  
M. Sumner ◽  
R. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Tangential Wall ◽  
Membrane Bound

The development of mucilage in the epidermal cells of canola seeds (Brassica campestris L. cv. Candle) was studied with light and electron microscopy from 5 days after pollination to maturity. During the first 17 days starch was deposited in amyloplasts. At or near the 17th day mucilage appeared between the plasmalemma and the outer tangential wall of the epidermal cells. As the volume of mucilage increased, starch grains disappeared and were totally absent by 25 days. Membrane-bound structures and Golgi bodies were visible within the cytoplasm adjacent to the site of mucilage deposition. At maturity the seed epidermal cells were totally devoid of cytoplasm and engorged with mucilage.

scholarly journals Anatomía de la semilla de Casimiroa edulis (Rutaceae), "zapote blanco", durante su desarrollo

2017 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Hilda Araceli Zavaleta-Mancera
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Mature Embryo ◽  
Mature Seed ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Fast Green ◽  
Oil Glands ◽  
Specific Staining ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Casimiroa Edulis ◽  
Mexican Species

The seed of the Mexican species, Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lexarza is valued for medicinal purposes. We have studied its anatomy in different stages of development from ovule to mature seed. We applied general staining with safranin and fast green and specific staining for the detection of starch, lipids, lignin, polyphenols, and proteins. Embryo and seed development was also evaluated on the basis of volume. The ovule is sessile, bitegmic, crassinucellate, hemianatropous, with a nucellar curvature of 30-40º and a large hilum. The seed develops a large pachychalaza that covers approximately 70% of the surface. The testa is thin, nonlignified and tanniferous. The mature embryo occupies about 90% of the whole volume of the seed and contains lysigenous oil glands, starch grains and protein bodies. The radicle is not directed exactly at the micropyle. lt is located in the dorsal micropylar third of the seed. Casimiroa edulis had been described as lacking endosperm, but in reality the mature seed has a small amount of endosperm under the pachychalaza.

Anatomy of two species of Plumbago : a traditional medicinal plant and its relevance for taxonomy

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Shape And Size

Plumbago is a traditional medicinal plant in Ayurveda. The paper presents anatomical study of leaf, petiole, stem and root of two species of Plumbago namely P. zeylanica, P. auriculata and, its relevance in discrimination of these two species. Anatomical features of leaf which are of diagnostic value in delimitation of both taxa are outline of T. S.,shape and size of epidermal cells, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding the vascular bundles, number of tannins cells. Characters of taxonomic significance in petiole anatomy are outline of T. S, presence of trichomes, shape and size of epidermal cells, abundance of collenchyma, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, presence of sclerenchyma surrounding vascular bundles, number of tannin cells. The diagnostically useful anatomical features of stem to discriminate both taxa of Plumbago are degree of elevation of stem ridges, occurrence of double layered epidermis, size of epidermal cells, distinctness of endodermis, abundance and distribution of pericyclicsclerenchyama, number of vascular bundles. Anatomical features of taxonomic significance in root are width of cortex and abundance of starch grains in cortex cells, abundance and distribution of pericyclics clerenchyama, amount of vascularization, distribution, diameter and density of vessels, width of medullary ray.

scholarly journals Do food trichomes occur in Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) flowers?

2020 ◽  
Vol 126 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1048
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Lustofin ◽  
Piotr Świątek ◽  
Piotr Stolarczyk ◽  
Vitor F O Miranda ◽  
Bartosz J Płachno
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Protein Bodies ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Floral Reward ◽  
Food Reserves

Abstract Background and Aims Floral food bodies (including edible trichomes) are a form of floral reward for pollinators. This type of nutritive reward has been recorded in several angiosperm families: Annonaceae, Araceae, Calycanthaceae, Eupomatiaceae, Himantandraceae, Nymphaeaceae, Orchidaceae, Pandanaceae and Winteraceae. Although these bodies are very diverse in their structure, their cells contain food material: starch grains, protein bodies or lipid droplets. In Pinguicula flowers, there are numerous multicellular clavate trichomes. Previous authors have proposed that these trichomes in the Pinguicula flower play the role of ‘futterhaare’ (‘feeding hairs’) and are eaten by pollinators. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether the floral non-glandular trichomes of Pinguicula contain food reserves and thus are a reward for pollinators. The trichomes from the Pinguicula groups, which differ in their taxonomy (species from the subgenera: Temnoceras, Pinguicula and Isoloba) as well as the types of their pollinators (butterflies/flies and bees/hummingbirds), were examined. Thus, it was determined whether there are any connections between the occurrence of food trichomes and phylogeny position or pollination biology. Additionally, we determined the phylogenetic history of edible trichomes and pollinator evolution in the Pinguicula species. Methods The species that were sampled were: Pinguicula moctezumae, P. esseriana, P. moranensis, P. emarginata, P. rectifolia, P. mesophytica, P. hemiepiphytica, P. agnata, P. albida, P. ibarrae, P. martinezii, P. filifolia, P. gigantea, P. lusitanica, P. alpina and P. vulgaris. Light microscopy, histochemistry, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to address our aims with a phylogenetic perspective based on matK/trnK DNA sequences. Key Results No accumulation of protein bodies or lipid droplets was recorded in the floral non-glandular trichomes of any of the analysed species. Starch grains occurred in the cells of the trichomes of the bee-/fly-pollinated species: P. agnata, P. albida, P. ibarrae, P. martinezii, P. filifolia and P. gigantea, but not in P. alpina or P. vulgaris. Moreover, starch grains were not recorded in the cells of the trichomes of the Pinguicula species that have long spurs, which are pollinated by Lepidoptera (P. moctezumae, P. esseriana, P. moranensis, P. emarginata and P. rectifolia) or birds (P. mesophytica and P. hemiepihytica), or in species with a small and whitish corolla that self-pollinate (P. lusitanica). The results on the occurrence of edible trichomes and pollinator syndromes were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Conclusion Floral non-glandular trichomes play the role of edible trichomes in some Pinguicula species (P. agnata, P. albida, P. ibarrae, P. martinezii, P. filifolia and P. gigantea), which are mainly classified as bee-pollinated species that had originated from Central and South America. It seems that in the Pinguicula that are pollinated by other pollinator groups (Lepidoptera and hummingbirds), the non-glandular trichomes in the flowers play a role other than that of a floral reward for their pollinators. Edible trichomes are symplesiomorphic for the Pinguicula species, and thus do not support a monophyletic group such as a synapomorphy. Nevertheless, edible trichomes are derived and are possibly a specialization for fly and bee pollinators by acting as a food reward for these visitors.

scholarly journals Morphological characters of the seed coat in selected species of the genus Hypericum L. and their taxonomic value

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Szkudlarz ◽  
Zbigniew Celka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Seed Morphology ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Final Development ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Hypericum Species

Abstract Eight Hypericum species are native to Poland: H. elegans Stephan ex Willd., H. hirsutum L., H. humifusum L., H. maculatum Crantz, H. montanum L., H. perforatum L., H. pulchrum L., and H. tetrapterum Fr. Only seeds of H. elegans were investigated in detail in Poland before, so here we present results of qualitative and quantitative analyses of seed morphology of the other 7 species, based on characters like seed length, width, and shape, seed coat sculpture, shape of epidermal cells of the testa, and number of epidermal cells along the seed axis. The results show that seeds of the studied species are small, 0.56-1.15 mm long and 0.26-0.49 mm wide. In SEM images, seed coat sculpture is reticulate in 5 species, papillate in H. hirsutum, and cup-shaped in H. pulchrum. The differences are caused by the varied final development of the testa epidermis, which constitutes the outer layer of the seed coat. The mean number of epidermal cells along the seed axis ranges from 22 to 33. Results of cluster analysis, based on the agglomeration method and including also published data on seeds of H. elegans, show that the variation in the investigated characters of seeds is reflected in the taxonomic division of the genus into sections.

scholarly journals Embriología de Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. (Erythroxylaceae)

2017 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Sonia Vázquez-Santana ◽  
César A. Domínguez ◽  
Judith Márquez-Guzmán
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
Exine Sculpturing ◽  
Erythroxylum Havanense ◽  
Mature Anther

We studied the development of reproductive structures in pin and thrum morphs of Erythroxylum havanense. The young anther wall consists of an epidermis, endothecium , 1-3 middle layers anda binucleate secretory tapetum. The mature anther wall has only two layers: epidermis and endothecium. Microspore tetrads are tetrahedral or isobilateral. Mature pollen grains are tricolporate, bicellular and contain starch grains. Exine sculpturing is verrugate in thrum pollen and reticulate in pin pollen. The ovule is sessile, pendulous, anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The embryo sac is heptacellular. An endothelium is differentiated. The endosperm development is nuclear, and the basal part of the nucellus persists during early endosperm development. Both integuments form the seed coat.

scholarly journals Anatomical features of leaves of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fed with calcium using foliar nutrition

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Zenia Michałojć
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Outer Cell ◽  
Foliar Nutrition ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Nutrient Supplements ◽  
Pepper Leaves

The effect of three foliar-applied Ca-containing preparations on the anatomical features of leaves of sweet pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) was studied. The following preparations were used: Ca(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, Librel Ca and Wapnowit, applied at the respective concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1%, which corresponded to a content of 2000 mg Ca × dm<sup>-3</sup>. Light and scanning electron microscopy were used in the study. It was demonstrated that in amphistomatic bifacial pepper leaves numerous specialised cells occurred which accumulated calcium oxalate crystals in the form of crystalline sand. Anisocytic stomata were found with a much greater density in the abaxial epidermis. They were characterized by very well-developed outer cuticular ledges. It was found that in the leaves of the plants sprayed with the nutrient supplements with increased Ca content there was a much smaller number of epidermal cells per 1 mm<sup>2</sup> than in the control plants. These cells were distinguished by an increased size. In the case of the application of the nutrient supplements Librel Ca and Wapnowit, the number of stomata also decreased. However, the application of the calcium supplements resulted in an increase in the value of the stomatal index compared to the control, which is attributable to a significant reduction in the number of epidermal cells not belonging to the stomata. The plants additionally supplied with Ca were marked by a larger number of colenchyma layers and an increased volume of leaf parenchyma cells. In the case of pepper leaves, the thin cuticle and the outer cell wall are not a major barrier to the Ca-containing preparations applied for spray treatment. Nevertheless, the decrease in the number of stomata may restrict the possibility of Ca uptake by this way, which compensates the increase in surface area of particular epidermal cells that will be the main way of Ca penetration into the internal leaf tissues.

scholarly journals Micromorphological study (ultrastructure of lamina surface, seeds, ultrasculpture of pollen grains) of Gladiolus L. species (Iridaceae Juss.) of Ukrainian flora

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana L. Zhygalova ◽  
Oksana A. Futorna ◽  
Anatoliy Levanets
Keyword(s):  
Surface Structure ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Surface Ultrastructure ◽  
Genus Level

Abstract Micro-morphological characteristics of the four Gladiolus L. species of the Ukrainian flora (G. imbricatus L., G. italicus Mill., G. palustris Gaudin and G. tenuis M. Bieb.) as regards leaves, seeds and pollens are presented with this investigation in a detailed way. An examination of the surface structure of the leaves, seeds and pollen grains of the Gladiolus species indicates that the characteristics of the ultrastructure of leaves and of pollen grains are not diagnostic for distinguishing species, but they could be important at genus level (leaves: features such as being amphistomatic, having the same quantity of immersed stomata on both surfaces and having a high stomata index, the presence and localisation of papillae, the shape of epidermal cells; pollen grains: monosulcate type with two operculums). However, the type of surface ultrastructure of the seed coat is a diagnostic feature as at genus level so for species. It can be mentioned that propose the use of features such as the shape and position of the cicatricle, the type of cuticle, the shape and boundaries of cells of testa, and the anticlinal cell walls as diagnostic features at genera level. The shape of seeds, the presence and disposition of wing, the level of the periclinal cell walls of the seed coat and types of relief are additional diagnostic features for distinguishing of Gladiolus species.

Assimilate uptake and the regulation of seed development

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Weber ◽  
Ute Heim ◽  
Sabine Golombek ◽  
Ljudmilla Borisjuk ◽  
Ulrich Wobus
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Uptake System ◽  
Sucrose Uptake

AbstractSeed development is a series of events involving cell division, followed by cell differentiation and storage activity In legume cotyledons, cell differentiation starts in certain regions and gradually spreads to other parts, thereby building up developmental gradients The entire process appears to be subject to metabolic control The high hexose state of the premature legume embryo as controlled by seed coat-specific invertases favours cell division Differentiation is initiated when hexose decreases and sucrose increases Seed development occurs in a close interaction with seed metabolism and transport processes Movement of photoassimilates from the sieve tubes to the unloading region of the maternal seed tissue is symplasmic and controlled by plasmodesmal passage Sucrose uptake into Vicia faba cotyledons is mediated by a H+-sucrose symporter located in the outer epidermis which generates transfer cells Formation of the sucrose uptake system is induced during the early to mid-cotyledon stage by tissue contact with the maternal seed coat and is controlled by carbohydrate availability In contrast, a hexose transporter gene is also expressed in epidermal cells covering younger, mitotically active regions of the cotyledons The sucrose uptake system apparently generates the high sucrose state immediately preceding the storage phase Sucrose specifically induces storage-associated differentiation processes indicating a specific sucrose-dependent signalling pathway operating in maturing cotyledons Moreover, the mode of sucrose uptake — apoplasmic movement into the epidermal cells with subsequent symplasmic transfer to the storage parenchyma cells — appears to control coordinated cotyledon development Unlike sucrose, amino acid transport into legume cotyledons is passive during early development but at later stages when large amounts of storage proteins are synthesized an additional active uptake system is established to ensure a sufficient supply

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