Exercise-induced oxidative stress: theory and practical implications for older adults

Abstract Aging and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important interrelated cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors linked to oxidative stress, but this relationship has not been well studied in older adults. We assessed the global oxidative status in an older population with normal to severely impaired renal function. We determined the oxidative status of 93 older adults (mean age 85 years) using multimarker scores. OxyScore was computed as index of systemic oxidative damage by analyzing carbonyl groups, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, and xanthine oxidase activity. AntioxyScore was computed as index of antioxidant defense by analyzing catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total antioxidant capacity. OxyScore and AntioxyScore were higher in subjects with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 than in peers with eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2, with protein carbonyls, catalase, and SOD activity as major drivers. Older adults with a recent cardiovascular event had similar OxyScore and AntioxyScore as peers with eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that both indices were associated with decreased eGFR independently of traditional CVR factors. Interestingly, AntioxyScore was also associated with diuretic treatment, and a more pronounced increase was seen in subjects receiving combination therapy. The associations of AntioxyScore with diuretic treatment and eGFR were mutually independent. In conclusion, eGFR is the major contributor to the imbalance in oxidative stress in this older population. Given the association between oxidative stress, CKD, and CVR, the inclusion of renal function parameters in CVR estimators for older populations, such as the SCORE-OP, might improve their modest performance.

Download Full-text

How N-Acetylcysteine Supplementation Affects Redox Regulation, Especially at Mitohormesis and Sarcohormesis Level: Current Perspective

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10020153 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 153

Author(s):

Aslı Devrim-Lanpir ◽

Lee Hill ◽

Beat Knechtle

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oxidative Metabolism ◽

Adaptive Response ◽

Redox Regulation ◽

Therapeutic Agent ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Metabolic Adaptations ◽

Current Perspective ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Response To Exercise

Exercise frequently alters the metabolic processes of oxidative metabolism in athletes, including exposure to extreme reactive oxygen species impairing exercise performance. Therefore, both researchers and athletes have been consistently investigating the possible strategies to improve metabolic adaptations to exercise-induced oxidative stress. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been applied as a therapeutic agent in treating many diseases in humans due to its precursory role in the production of hepatic glutathione, a natural antioxidant. Several studies have investigated NAC’s possible therapeutic role in oxidative metabolism and adaptive response to exercise in the athletic population. However, still conflicting questions regarding NAC supplementation need to be clarified. This narrative review aims to re-evaluate the metabolic effects of NAC on exercise-induced oxidative stress and adaptive response developed by athletes against the exercise, especially mitohormetic and sarcohormetic response.

Download Full-text

The Ability of Exercise to Mitigate Caloric Restriction-Induced Bone Loss in Older Adults: A Structured Review of RCTs and Narrative Review of Exercise-Induced Changes in Bone Biomarkers

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041250 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1250

Author(s):

Sarah J. Wherry ◽

Ryan M. Miller ◽

Sarah H. Jeong ◽

Kristen M. Beavers

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Bone Loss ◽

Caloric Restriction ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Areal Bone Mineral Density ◽

Bone Biomarkers ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Exercise Induced ◽

Induced Changes

Despite the adverse metabolic and functional consequences of obesity, caloric restriction- (CR) induced weight loss is often contra-indicated in older adults with obesity due to the accompanying loss of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and subsequent increased risk of fracture. Several studies show a positive effect of exercise on aBMD among weight-stable older adults; however, data on the ability of exercise to mitigate bone loss secondary to CR are surprisingly equivocal. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused update of the randomized controlled trial literature assessing the efficacy of exercise as a countermeasure to CR-induced bone loss among older adults. Secondarily, we present data demonstrating the occurrence of exercise-induced changes in bone biomarkers, offering insight into why exercise is not more effective than observed in mitigating CR-induced bone loss.

Download Full-text

Associations between vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine levels, and physical activity or cognitive capacity in older adults

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92076-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad H. Alghadir ◽

Sami A. Gabr ◽

Shahnawaz Anwer ◽

Heng Li

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Nitric Oxide ◽

Older Adults ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Cognitive Capacity ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Stress Markers ◽

Total Antioxidant ◽

Total Homocysteine

AbstractThis study examined the associations between vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine levels, and physical activity or cognitive capacity in older adults. One hundred and six older adults (62 men, 44 women) within the age range of 56–81 years participated. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment were used to assess physical activity and cognitive function, respectively. Vitamin E (e.g., α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol), oxidative stress markers (e.g., total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide), and total homocysteine were estimated. There were significant associations between physical activity (high versus moderate versus poor) and all biomarkers (all p = 0.000, and p = 0.010 for γ-tocopherol). While total homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity were significantly associated with cognitive capacity (p = 0.000), vitamin E levels (e.g., α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) and nitric oxide (p = 0.354, 0.103 and 0.060, respectively) were not related to cognitive capacity in older adults. This study concludes that physical activity was associated with Vitamin E, oxidative stress markers, total homocysteine, and cognitive capacity in older adults. Although cognitive capacity was associated with total homocysteine and total antioxidant capacity, it was unrelated to vitamin E levels and nitric oxide in older adults.

Download Full-text