The relationship between early-life environment, the epigenome and the microbiota

Epigenomics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1173-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber V Majnik ◽  
Robert H Lane
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Environment ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals Natural variation in the growth and development of Protopiophila litigata (Diptera: Piophilidae) developing in three moose (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) antlers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Angell ◽  
Olivia Cook
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Early Life Environment ◽  
The Relationship

In animals, the early-life environment influences growth and development, which can have lasting effects on life history and fitness into adulthood. We investigated patterns of growth, pupal development time, and their covariation, in wild antler fly larvae (Protopiophila litigata; Diptera: Piophilidae) of both sexes collected from three discarded moose antlers of varying size, chewing damage (used to infer relative age), and antler fly density. Males tended to be smaller and their pupation lasted longer than females. One of the antlers was highly attractive to adult antler flies, whereas the other two attracted few or none. Individuals from one antler of low attractiveness were smaller and took longer to eclose than individuals from either other antler, perhaps due to its high larval density. The relationship between body size and pupal development time also differed among antlers, being positively correlated in the most attractive antler and negatively correlated in the two other antlers.

scholarly journals Natural variation in the growth and development of Protopiophila litigata (Diptera: Piophilidae) developing in three moose (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) antlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 151 (04) ◽  
pp. 531-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Angell ◽  
Olivia Cook
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Early Life Environment ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn animals, the early-life environment influences growth and development, which can have lasting effects on life history and fitness into adulthood. We investigated the patterns of growth, pupal development time, and their covariation inProtopiophila litigataBonduriansky (Diptera: Piophilidae) larvae of both sexes collected from three discarded moose (Alces alces(Linnaeus) (Artiodactyla: Cervidae)) antlers of varying size, chewing damage (used to infer relative age), andP. litigatadensity. Males tended to be smaller and their pupation lasted longer than females. One of the antlers was highly attractive to adultP. litigata, whereas the other two attracted few or none. Individuals from one antler of low attractiveness were smaller and took longer to eclose than individuals from either other antler, perhaps due to its high larval density. The relationship between body size and pupal development time also differed among antlers, being positively correlated in the most attractive antler and negatively correlated in the two other antlers.

scholarly journals Gene regulation contributes to explain the impact of early life socioeconomic disadvantage on adult inflammatory levels in two cohort studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Carmeli ◽  
Zoltán Kutalik ◽  
Pashupati P. Mishra ◽  
Eleonora Porcu ◽  
Cyrille Delpierre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIndividuals experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood have a higher rate of inflammation-related diseases decades later. Little is known about the mechanisms linking early life experiences to the functioning of the immune system in adulthood. To address this, we explore the relationship across social-to-biological layers of early life social exposures on levels of adulthood inflammation and the mediating role of gene regulatory mechanisms, epigenetic and transcriptomic profiling from blood, in 2,329 individuals from two European cohort studies. Consistently across both studies, we find transcriptional activity explains a substantive proportion (78% and 26%) of the estimated effect of early life disadvantaged social exposures on levels of adulthood inflammation. Furthermore, we show that mechanisms other than cis DNA methylation may regulate those transcriptional fingerprints. These results further our understanding of social-to-biological transitions by pinpointing the role of gene regulation that cannot fully be explained by differential cis DNA methylation.

Early-life environment influencing susceptibility to cytomegalovirus infection: evidence from the Leiden Longevity Study and the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. MORTENSEN ◽  
A. B. MAIER ◽  
P. E. SLAGBOM ◽  
G. PAWELEC ◽  
E. DERHOVANESSIAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Cytomegalovirus Infection ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Cmv Infection ◽  
Early Life Environment

SUMMARYHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common herpesvirus establishing lifelong persisting infection, which has been implicated in immunosenescence and mortality in the elderly. Little is known about how and when susceptibility to CMV infection is determined. We measured CMV seroprevalence in two genetically informative cohorts. From the Leiden Longevity Study (LLS) we selected long-lived sib-pairs (n=844) and their middle-aged offspring and the offspring's partners (n=1452). From the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins (LSADT) 604 (302 pairs) same-sex monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins aged 73–94 years were included (n=302 pairs). Offspring of the long-lived LLS participants had significantly lower seroprevalence of CMV compared to their partners (offspring: 42%vs. partners: 51%,P=0·003). Of 372 offspring living with a CMV-positive partner, only 58% were infected. The corresponding number for partners was 71% (P<0·001). In the LSADT, MZ and DZ twins had high and similar CMV-positive concordance rates (MZ: 90%vs. DZ: 88%,P=0·51) suggesting that shared family environment accounts for the similarity within twin pairs. Our findings suggest that susceptibility to CMV infection – even under continuous within-partnership exposure – appears to be more strongly influenced by early-life environment than by genetic factors and adult environment.

scholarly journals Epigenetics and DOHaD: from basics to birth and beyond

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bianco-Miotto ◽  
J. M. Craig ◽  
Y. P. Gasser ◽  
S. J. van Dijk ◽  
S. E. Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Early Life Environment ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Early Life Exposures

Developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is the study of how the early life environment can impact the risk of chronic diseases from childhood to adulthood and the mechanisms involved. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs are involved in mediating how early life environment impacts later health. This review is a summary of the Epigenetics and DOHaD workshop held at the 2016 DOHaD Society of Australia and New Zealand Conference. Our extensive knowledge of how the early life environment impacts later risk for chronic disease would not have been possible without animal models. In this review we highlight some animal model examples that demonstrate how an adverse early life exposure results in epigenetic and gene expression changes that may contribute to increased risk of chronic disease later in life. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease are chronic diseases with an increasing incidence due to the increased number of children and adults that are obese. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation have been shown to be associated with metabolic health measures and potentially predict future metabolic health status. Although more difficult to elucidate in humans, recent studies suggest that DNA methylation may be one of the epigenetic mechanisms that mediates the effects of early life exposures on later life risk of obesity and obesity related diseases. Finally, we discuss the role of the microbiome and how it is a new player in developmental programming and mediating early life exposures on later risk of chronic disease.

Passing for Black

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Taira Field
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Racial Violence ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Black Freedom ◽  
Reconstruction Era ◽  
Westward Migration ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 2 situates Monroe Coleman’s decision to participate in black freedom movements in Oklahoma against the backdrop of his early life as a “mulatto” child in Reconstruction-era Mississippi, highlighting the relationship between migration and the construction of racial categories in this period. Reading Coleman’s life alongside the lives of his contemporaries, this chapter argues that the westward migration of “mulatto” freedpeople constituted a telling response to racial violence and white racial nationalism in the aftermath of Reconstruction. While the rise of black Oklahoma was promoted, narrated, memorialized, and ultimately historicized as “all-black” and self-consciously “domestic,” such an image stands in contrast to the racial and national realities of the period.

scholarly journals An evolutionary process without variation and selection

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (180) ◽  
pp. 20210334
Author(s):  
Liane Gabora ◽  
Mike Steel
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Adaptive Change ◽  
Assembly Code ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Special Case ◽  
Variation And Selection

Natural selection successfully explains how organisms accumulate adaptive change despite that traits acquired over a lifetime are eliminated at the end of each generation. However, in some domains that exhibit cumulative, adaptive change—e.g. cultural evolution, and earliest life—acquired traits are retained; these domains do not face the problem that Darwin’s theory was designed to solve. Lack of transmission of acquired traits occurs when germ cells are protected from environmental change, due to a self-assembly code used in two distinct ways: (i) actively interpreted during development to generate a soma, and (ii) passively copied without interpretation during reproduction to generate germ cells. Early life and cultural evolution appear not to involve a self-assembly code used in these two ways. We suggest that cumulative, adaptive change in these domains is due to a lower-fidelity evolutionary process, and model it using reflexively autocatalytic and foodset-generated networks. We refer to this more primitive evolutionary process as self–other reorganization (SOR) because it involves internal self-organizing and self-maintaining processes within entities, as well as interaction between entities. SOR encompasses learning but in general operates across groups. We discuss the relationship between SOR and Lamarckism, and illustrate a special case of SOR without variation.

scholarly journals Early Life Environment and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. S486
Author(s):  
Abra Guo ◽  
Robin Wilson ◽  
Betsy Stevens ◽  
Caitlin Russell ◽  
Melissa Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Environment ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel
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