scholarly journals Topical and intralesional therapies for in-transitmelanoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. MMT23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Surgical Excision ◽  
Local Immune Response ◽  
Talimogene Laherparepvec ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Local Surgical Excision

This report surveys the role of topical and intralesional agents in the management of in-transit melanoma. The extent and progression of in-transit disease is highly variable and many patients can have a protracted period of locoregional control. These agents are useful in the management of patients who have progressed beyond local surgical excision in whom more aggressive therapies, such as isolated limb infusion or use of talimogene laherparepvec, are not appropriate or have failed. In general, these agents are modestly effective and associated with frequent but only minor toxicity. As the mechanism of action of many of these agents includes initiation of a local immune response, combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently being explored.

scholarly journals The Synergistic Effect of PARP Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117955492199628
Author(s):  
Zhaozhen Wu ◽  
Pengfei Cui ◽  
Haitao Tao ◽  
Sujie Zhang ◽  
Junxun Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Immunogenic Cell Death

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have demonstrated great promise for treating cancers with homologous recombination (HR) defects, such as germline BRCA1/2 mutation. Further studies suggest that PARP inhibitors (PARPi) can also exhibit efficacy in HR-competent cancers, by amplifying the DNA damage and inducing immunogenic cell death, and PARPi lead to increasing tumor neoantigen, upregulation of interferons and PD-L1, and modulation of the tumor microenvironment, which may facilitate a more profound antitumor immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4 have achieved impressive success in the treatment of different malignancies. However, only a subset of populations derive clinical benefit, and the biomarkers and resistance mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, given that PARPi could potentiate the therapeutic effect of ICIs, PARPi combined with ICIs are becoming an alternative for patients who cannot benefit from ICI monotherapy. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms and immune role of PARPi and discuss the rationale and clinical studies of this combined regimen.

scholarly journals miRNA as a Modulator of Immunotherapy and Immune Response in Melanoma

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1648
Author(s):  
Mai-Huong Thi Nguyen ◽  
Yueh-Hsia Luo ◽  
An-Lun Li ◽  
Jen-Chieh Tsai ◽  
Kun-Lin Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Applicability ◽  
Melanoma Patients

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a promising therapy for the treatment of cancers, including melanoma, that improved benefit clinical outcomes. However, a subset of melanoma patients do not respond or acquire resistance to immunotherapy, which limits their clinical applicability. Recent studies have explored the reasons related to the resistance of melanoma to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Of note, miRNAs are the regulators of not only cancer progression but also of the response between cancer cells and immune cells. Investigation of miRNA functions within the tumor microenvironment have suggested that miRNAs could be considered as key partners in immunotherapy. Here, we reviewed the known mechanism by which melanoma induces resistance to immunotherapy and the role of miRNAs in immune responses and the microenvironment.

Predictive markers of immune response in glioblastoma: hopes and facts

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 1053-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Di Nunno ◽  
Enrico Franceschi ◽  
Lidia Gatto ◽  
Stefania Bartolini ◽  
Alba Ariela Brandes
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Predictive Markers ◽  
Advanced Solid Tumors ◽  
Critical Importance

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) represent a concrete hope for patients with advanced solid tumors. Indeed, patients responding to these agents may experience a long-lasting response. Recently, results of interventional clinical trials investigated the role of ICIs in patients with glioblastoma. Results of these studies suggested that only a small percentage of these patients could benefit from these agents. Research of predictive markers assumes a critical importance to adequately select patients likely to benefit from ICIs. Molecular and clinical variables associated to tumors and patients have been evaluated as potential predictive markers. Main aim of the current work is to summarize and critically evaluate current knowledge in this field.

scholarly journals P09.25 Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICPi) in KRAS-Mutated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. S300-S301
Author(s):  
M. Peravali ◽  
C. Gomes-Lima ◽  
E. Tefera ◽  
M. Baker ◽  
M. Sherchan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung

scholarly journals Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Duan ◽  
Yunping Luo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Cellular Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Tumor Vaccines ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Promising Treatment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

AbstractImmunotherapy is regarded as the most promising treatment for cancers. Various cancer immunotherapies, including adoptive cellular immunotherapy, tumor vaccines, antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and small-molecule inhibitors, have achieved certain successes. In this review, we summarize the role of macrophages in current immunotherapies and the advantages of targeting macrophages. To better understand and make better use of this type of cell, their development and differentiation characteristics, categories, typical markers, and functions were collated at the beginning of the review. Therapeutic strategies based on or combined with macrophages have the potential to improve the treatment efficacy of cancer therapies.

scholarly journals A new biological triangle in cancer: intestinal microbiota, immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibiotics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Zhujiang Dai ◽  
Cheng Yan ◽  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Daorong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Rational Use Of Antibiotics

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of many malignant tumors. Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can reactivate the anti-tumor activity of immune cells, sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy depends on the complex tumor immune processes. In recent years, numerous researches have demonstrated the role of intestinal microbiota in immunity and metabolism of the tumor microenvironment, as well as the efficacy of immunotherapy. Epidemiological studies have further demonstrated the efficacy of antibiotic therapy on the probability of patients' response to ICIs and predictability of the short-term survival of cancer patients. Disturbance to the intestinal microbiota significantly affects ICIs-mediated immune reconstitution and is considered a possible mechanism underlying the development of adverse effects during antibiotic-based ICIs treatment. Intestinal microbiota, antibiotics, and ICIs have gradually become important considerations for the titer of immunotherapy. In the case of immunotherapy, the rational use of antibiotics and intestinal microbiota is expected to yield a better prognosis for patients with malignant tumors.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Anti-PD-L1 Treatment in Melanoma Is Associated with the Expression of the ECM Molecule EMILIN2

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7511
Author(s):  
Albina Fejza ◽  
Maurizio Polano ◽  
Lucrezia Camicia ◽  
Evelina Poletto ◽  
Greta Carobolante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Tumor Hypoxia ◽  
Melanoma Cells ◽  
Vessel Normalization ◽  
Melanoma Patients

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors has revolutionized the treatment of melanoma patients, leading to remarkable improvements in the cure. However, to ensure a safe and effective treatment, there is the need to develop markers to identify the patients that would most likely respond to the therapies. The microenvironment is gaining attention in this context, since it can regulate both the immunotherapy efficacyand angiogenesis, which is known to be affected by treatment. Here, we investigated the putative role of the ECM molecule EMILIN-2, a tumor suppressive and pro-angiogenic molecule. We verified that the EMILIN2 expression is variable among melanoma patients and is associated with the response to PD-L1 inhibitors. Consistently, in preclinical settings,the absence of EMILIN-2 is associated with higher PD-L1 expression and increased immunotherapy efficacy. We verified that EMILIN-2 modulates PD-L1 expression in melanoma cells through indirect immune-dependent mechanisms. Notably, upon PD-L1 blockage, Emilin2−/− mice displayed improved intra-tumoral vessel normalization and decreased tumor hypoxia. Finally, we provide evidence indicating that the inclusion of EMILIN2 in a number of gene expression signatures improves their predictive potential, a further indication that the analysis of this molecule may be key for the development of new markers to predict immunotherapy efficacy.

scholarly journals Immune System Efficiency in Cancer and the Microbiota Influence

Pathobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ana Margarida Barbosa ◽  
Alexandra Gomes-Gonçalves ◽  
António G. Castro ◽  
Egídio Torrado
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antitumor Immune Response ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
Cancer Immunosurveillance

The immune system plays a critical role in preventing cancer development and progression. However, the complex network of cells and soluble factor that form the tumor microenvironment (TME) can dictate the differentiation of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and shift the antitumor immune response into promoting tumor growth. With the advent of cancer immunotherapy, there has been a reinvigorated interest in defining how the TME shapes the antitumor immune response. This interest brought to light the microbiome as a novel player in shaping cancer immunosurveillance. Indeed, accumulating evidence now suggests that the microbiome may confer susceptibility or resistance to certain cancers and may influence response to therapeutics, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors. As we move forward into the age of precision medicine, it is vital that we define the factors that influence the interplay between the triad immune system-microbiota-cancer. This knowledge will contribute to improve the therapeutic response to current approaches and will unravel novel targets for immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Rethinking immune checkpoint blockade: ‘Beyond the T cell’

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuting Liu ◽  
Graham D Hogg ◽  
David G DeNardo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade

The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has highlighted the central role of the immune system in cancer control. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can reinvigorate anti-cancer immunity and are now the standard of care in a number of malignancies. However, research on immune checkpoint blockade has largely been framed with the central dogma that checkpoint therapies intrinsically target the T cell, triggering the tumoricidal potential of the adaptive immune system. Although T cells undoubtedly remain a critical piece of the story, mounting evidence, reviewed herein, indicates that much of the efficacy of checkpoint therapies may be attributable to the innate immune system. Emerging research suggests that T cell-directed checkpoint antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) can impact innate immunity by both direct and indirect pathways, which may ultimately shape clinical efficacy. However, the mechanisms and impacts of these activities have yet to be fully elucidated, and checkpoint therapies have potentially beneficial and detrimental effects on innate antitumor immunity. Further research into the role of innate subsets during checkpoint blockade may be critical for developing combination therapies to help overcome checkpoint resistance. The potential of checkpoint therapies to amplify innate antitumor immunity represents a promising new field that can be translated into innovative immunotherapies for patients fighting refractory malignancies.

scholarly journals Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cervical Cancer: From Preclinical to Clinical Data

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2089
Author(s):  
Simona Duranti ◽  
Antonella Pietragalla ◽  
Gennaro Daniele ◽  
Camilla Nero ◽  
Francesca Ciccarone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Cervical Cancers ◽  
Relapsed Disease

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the recognized cause of almost all cervical cancers. Despite the reduction in incidence due to a wide use of screening programs and a specific vaccine, the prognosis of cervical cancer remains poor, especially for late-stage and relapsed disease. Considering the elevated rates of PD-L1 expression in up to 80% of cervical cancers, a strong rationale supports the use of immunotherapy to restore the immune response against tumor. The aim of this review is to analyze the possible role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cervical cancer treatment, with a particular focus on the rationale and on the results of phase I and II clinical trials. An overview of ongoing phase III studies with possible future areas of development is also provided.

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