parp inhibitors
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Author(s):  
Iain A. Richard ◽  
Joshua T. Burgess ◽  
Kenneth J. O’Byrne ◽  
Emma Bolderson

The proteins within the Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) family encompass a diverse and integral set of cellular functions. PARP1 and PARP2 have been extensively studied for their roles in DNA repair and as targets for cancer therapeutics. Several PARP inhibitors (PARPi) have been approved for clinical use, however, while their efficacy is promising, tumours readily develop PARPi resistance. Many other members of the PARP protein family share catalytic domain homology with PARP1/2, however, these proteins are comparatively understudied, particularly in the context of DNA damage repair and tumourigenesis. This review explores the functions of PARP4,6-16 and discusses the current knowledge of the potential roles these proteins may play in DNA damage repair and as targets for cancer therapeutics.


BMC Cancer ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu Sato ◽  
Sho Sato ◽  
Daisuke Shintani ◽  
Mieko Hanaoka ◽  
Aiko Ogasawara ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Administration of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors after achieving a response to platinum-containing drugs significantly prolonged relapse-free survival compared to placebo administration. PARP inhibitors have been used in clinical practice. However, patients with platinum-resistant relapsed ovarian cancer still have a poor prognosis and there is an unmet need. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical significance of metabolic genes and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity in advanced ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Methods The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data and clinical data of HGSC patients were obtained from the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) Data Portal and analysed (https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/). In addition, tumour tissue was sampled by laparotomy or screening laparoscopy prior to treatment initiation from patients diagnosed with stage IIIC ovarian cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) classification, 2014) at the Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, and among the patients diagnosed with HGSC, 16 cases of available cryopreserved specimens were included in this study. The present study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Saitama Medical University International Medical Center (Saitama, Japan). Among the 6307 variable genes detected in both The Cancer Genome Atlas-Ovarian (TCGA-OV) data and clinical specimen data, 35 genes related to metabolism and FAK activity were applied. RNA-seq data were analysed using the Subio Platform (Subio Inc, Japan). JMP 15 (SAS, USA) was used for statistical analysis and various types of machine learning. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis, and the Wilcoxon test was used to analyse significant differences. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results In the TCGA-OV data, patients with stage IIIC with a residual tumour diameter of 1-10 mm were selected for K means clustering and classified into groups with significant prognostic correlations (p = 0.0444). These groups were significantly associated with platinum sensitivity/resistance in clinical cases (χ2 test, p = 0.0408) and showed significant relationships with progression-free survival (p = 0.0307). Conclusion In the TCGA-OV data, 2 groups classified by clustering focusing on metabolism-related genes and FAK activity were shown to be associated with platinum resistance and a poor prognosis.


2022 ◽  
pp. canres.1843.2021
Author(s):  
Katrina M Lappin ◽  
Eliana M Barros ◽  
Satpal S Jhujh ◽  
Gareth W Irwin ◽  
Hayley McMillan ◽  
...  

Author(s):  
Dragomir B. Krastev ◽  
Shudong Li ◽  
Yilun Sun ◽  
Andrew J. Wicks ◽  
Gwendoline Hoslett ◽  
...  

AbstractPoly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors elicit antitumour activity in homologous recombination-defective cancers by trapping PARP1 in a chromatin-bound state. How cells process trapped PARP1 remains unclear. Using wild-type and a trapping-deficient PARP1 mutant combined with rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins and Apex2 proximity labelling, we delineated mass spectrometry-based interactomes of trapped and non-trapped PARP1. These analyses identified an interaction between trapped PARP1 and the ubiquitin-regulated p97 ATPase/segregase. We found that following trapping, PARP1 is SUMOylated by PIAS4 and subsequently ubiquitylated by the SUMO-targeted E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF4, events that promote recruitment of p97 and removal of trapped PARP1 from chromatin. Small-molecule p97-complex inhibitors, including a metabolite of the clinically used drug disulfiram (CuET), prolonged PARP1 trapping and enhanced PARP inhibitor-induced cytotoxicity in homologous recombination-defective tumour cells and patient-derived tumour organoids. Together, these results suggest that p97 ATPase plays a key role in the processing of trapped PARP1 and the response of tumour cells to PARP inhibitors.


Author(s):  
Peter M. Brownlee ◽  
Luc Provencher ◽  
Aaron A. Goodarzi
Keyword(s):  

Cancers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Eros Azzalini ◽  
Domenico Tierno ◽  
Michele Bartoletti ◽  
Renzo Barbazza ◽  
Giorgio Giorda ◽  
...  

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is among the deadliest gynecological malignancies. The acquired resistance to platinum-based therapies and the intrinsic heterogeneity of the disease contribute to the low survival rate. To improve patients’ outcomes, new combinatorial approaches able to target different tumor vulnerabilities and enhance the efficacy of the current therapies are required. AKT inhibitors are promising antineoplastic agents able to act in synergy with PARP inhibitors, but the spectrum of patients who can benefit from this combination is unclear, since the role of the three different isoforms of AKT is still unknown. Here, we study the expression of AKT isoforms on a retrospective cohort of archive tissue by RT-droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) analyzing their association with the clinicopathological features of patients. Based on AKT1/AKT2 and AKT1/AKT3 ratios, we define four AKT classes which were related to patients’ survival, tumor morphology and BRCA1 expression. Moreover, our results show that high AKT3 expression levels were frequently associated with tumors having classic features, a low number of mitoses and the presence of psammoma bodies. Overall, our study obtains new insights on AKT isoforms and their associations with the clinicopathological features of HGSOC patients. These evidences could help to better define the subsets of patients who can benefit from AKT and PARP inhibitors therapy in future clinical trials.


Author(s):  
Rodrigo Gutierrez-Quintana ◽  
David J Walker ◽  
Kaye J Williams ◽  
Duncan M Forster ◽  
Anthony J Chalmers

Abstract Radiotherapy (RT) plays a fundamental role in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). GBM are notoriously invasive and harbour a subpopulation of cells with stem-like features which exhibit upregulation of the DNA damage response and are radioresistant. High radiation doses are therefore delivered to large brain volumes and are known to extend survival but also cause delayed toxicity with 50-90% of patients developing neurocognitive dysfunction. Emerging evidence identifies neuroinflammation as a critical mediator of the adverse effects of RT on cognitive function. In addition to its well-established role in promoting repair of radiation induced DNA damage, activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) can exacerbate neuroinflammation by promoting secretion of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, PARP represents an intriguing mechanistic link between radiation-induced activation of the DNA damage response and subsequent neuroinflammation. PARP inhibitors have emerged as promising new agents for GBM when given in combination with RT, with multiple preclinical studies demonstrating radiosensitizing effects and at least three compounds being evaluated in clinical trials. We propose that concomitant use of PARP inhibitors could reduce radiation-induced neuroinflammation and reduce the severity of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction while at the same time improving tumour control by enhancing radiosensitivity.


BMC Cancer ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongwu Lai ◽  
Matthew Brosnan ◽  
Ethan S. Sokol ◽  
Mingchao Xie ◽  
Jonathan R. Dry ◽  
...  

Abstract Background DNA repair deficiencies are characteristic of cancer and homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is the most common. HRD sensitizes tumour cells to PARP inhibitors so it is important to understand the landscape of HRD across different solid tumour types. Methods Germline and somatic BRCA mutations in breast and ovarian cancers were evaluated using sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Secondly, a larger independent genomic dataset was analysed to validate the TCGA results and determine the frequency of germline and somatic mutations across 15 different candidate homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes, and their relationship with the genetic events of bi-allelic loss, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and tumour mutation burden (TMB). Results Approximately one-third of breast and ovarian cancer BRCA mutations were somatic. These showed a similar degree of bi-allelic loss and clinical outcomes to germline mutations, identifying potentially 50% more patients that may benefit from precision treatments. HRR mutations were present in sizable proportions in all tumour types analysed and were associated with high TMB and LOH scores. We also identified numerous BRCA reversion mutations across all tumour types. Conclusions Our results will facilitate future research into the efficacy of precision oncology treatments, including PARP and immune checkpoint inhibitors.


Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Maritza P. Garrido ◽  
Allison N. Fredes ◽  
Lorena Lobos-González ◽  
Manuel Valenzuela-Valderrama ◽  
Daniela B. Vera ◽  
...  

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the deadliest gynaecological malignancies. The late diagnosis is frequent due to the absence of specific symptomatology and the molecular complexity of the disease, which includes a high angiogenesis potential. The first-line treatment is based on optimal debulking surgery following chemotherapy with platinum/gemcitabine and taxane compounds. During the last years, anti-angiogenic therapy and poly adenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerases (PARP)-inhibitors were introduced in therapeutic schemes. Several studies have shown that these drugs increase the progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer, but the identification of patients who have the greatest benefits is still under investigation. In the present review, we discuss about the molecular characteristics of the disease, the recent evidence of approved treatments and the new possible complementary approaches, focusing on drug repurposing, non-coding RNAs, and nanomedicine as a new method for drug delivery.


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