scholarly journals The use of innovative payment mechanisms for gene therapies in Europe and the USA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Jørgensen ◽  
Panos Kefalas
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare System ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Data Uncertainty ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Reimbursement Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Payment Schemes ◽  
The Usa

Innovative reimbursement mechanisms have long been considered potential solutions to the data uncertainty associated with one-off, high-value gene therapies that have long-term therapeutic potential, combined with limited supporting evidence at launch. The launches of increasing numbers of such gene therapies in Europe and the USA in the past 5 years provide valuable exemplars of how innovative reimbursement mechanisms are used by healthcare system decision makers in practice. This review details the use of such reimbursement schemes for recently launched gene therapies in key European countries and the USA, and shows that they are more widespread in Europe than in the USA. Although innovative payment schemes are increasingly used across countries, differences in healthcare system structures (e.g., single- vs multi-payer systems) and willingness to pay mean that decision makers in different countries have different incentives to manage uncertainties around long-term, real-world product value.

scholarly journals Long-term Factors of Economic Development of the USA during the third Decade of 21st Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Victor Supyan
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The article aims to show role and significance of long-term innovative factors of economic development of the USA on the verge of the third decade of 21st Century. These critical factors of development are indentified as R&D potential, human capital and role of government economic policy. The author reviews in details composition of expenditures on R&D, shows role of different sectors of economy in R&D performance. It is emphasized that high effectiveness of the US R&D is resulted in leading US position in number of Nobel prizes, in scientific publications, in number of patents. The article reviews the role of human capital, as one of the leading long-term factors of development. As noted in the article the current shifts in the labor force composition are characterized by growth of services and high-tech industries, by high level of labor productivity, as a key indicator of economic effectiveness. It is also revealed that participation rate of labor force has declined over recent years. The US labor force is getting more complex in terms of its ethnic and racial composition. The global expenditures allocated for education in the USA exceed significantly similar expenditures in other advanced countries. The same time it is shown that there are serious contradictions in human capital formation in the US – a share of university graduates in overall population is lower here than in many developed countries. There are also significant disproportions in a sphere of education in terms of racial, ethnic and social equality. The article reviews the contribution of a healthcare system into human capital formation. It is shown that despite of huge expenses allocated for healthcare system and its high technological level, from organizational standpoint the US healthcare system is lagging behind many advanced countries. The author observed also the government role in the economy. Despite many principal characteristics of government regulation standing permanently, the change of republican or democratic administration leads to some changes in government regulation. Similar changes took place when President Trump came into office – he neglected many Keynesian receipts for economy. When new President D. Biden was elected he also suggested new economic policy and eliminated a lot of Trump’s economic neoliberal heritage. New policy is proclaimed including how to struggle 2020 economic crisis.  

Sanctions of the USA and the Policy of Bank of Russia:double Blow to the National Economy

2014 ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Glazyev
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Capital Flight ◽  
Practical Advice ◽  
The Us ◽  
Monetary Authorities ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Simultaneous Adoption ◽  
The Eu

This article examines fundamental questions of monetary policy in the context of challenges to the national security of Russia in connection with the imposition of economic sanctions by the US and the EU. It is proved that the policy of the Russian monetary authorities, particularly the Central Bank, artificially limiting the money supply in the domestic market and pandering to the export of capital, compounds the effects of economic sanctions and plunges the economy into depression. The article presents practical advice on the transition from external to domestic sources of long-term credit with the simultaneous adoption of measures to prevent capital flight.

Integrating Focusing and Differentiation: A Therapeutic Path for Couples in Intimate Relationships

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Zohar
Keyword(s):  
Couples Therapy ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Emotional Healing ◽  
Felt Sense ◽  
Inner World

Continuing the workshop I've given in the WPC Paris (2017), this article elaborates my discussion of the way I interlace Focusing with Differentiation Based Couples Therapy (Megged, 2017) under the systemic view, in order to facilitate processes of change and healing in working with intimate couples. This article presents the theory and rationale of integrating Differentiation (Bowen, 1978; Schnarch, 2009; Megged, 2017) and Focusing (Gendlin, 1981) approaches, and its therapeutic potential in couple's therapy. It is written from the point of view of a practicing professional in order to illustrate the experiential nature and dynamics of the suggested therapeutic path. Differentiation is a key to mutuality. It offers a solution to the central struggle of any long term intimate relationship: balancing two basic life forces - the drive for individuality and the drive for togetherness (Schnarch, 2009). Focusing is a body-oriented process of self-awareness and emotional healing, in which one learns to pay attention to the body and the ‘Felt Sense’, in order to unfold the implicit, keep it in motion at the precise pace it needs for carrying the next step forward (Gendlin, 1996). Combining Focusing and Differentiation perspectives can cultivate the kind of relationship where a conflict can be constructively and successfully held in the inner world of each partner, while taking into consideration the others' well-being. This creates the possibility for two people to build a mutual emotional field, open to changes, permeable and resilient.

Research for a sustainable European sugar sector

2010 ◽  
pp. 487-495
Author(s):  
Martin Bruhns ◽  
Peter Glaviè ◽  
Arne Sloth Jensen ◽  
Michael Narodoslawsky ◽  
Giorgio Pezzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
Technology Platforms ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Manufacturing Applications ◽  
European Technology

The paper is based on the results of international project entitled “Towards Sustainable Sugar Industry in Europe (TOSSIE)”. 33 research topics of major importance to the sugar sector are listed and briefly described, and compared with research priorities of the European Technology Platforms: “Food for Life”, “Sustainable Chemistry”, “Biofuels”, and “Plant for the Future”. Most topics are compatible with the research themes included in the COOPERATION part of the 7th Framework Program of the EU (2007-2013). However, some topics may require long-term R&D with the time horizon of up to 15 years. The list of topics is divided into four parts: Sugar manufacturing, Applications of biotechnology and biorefinery processing, Sugarbeet breeding and growing, Horizontal issues. Apart from possible use of the list by policy- and decision makers with an interest in sugarbeet sector, the description of each research topic can be used as a starting point in setting up a research project or other R&D activities.

Placental Therapy as Panacea: An Insight to Its Therapeutic Potential

2020 ◽  
Vol 06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Md Mumtaz ◽  
Madhu Gupta ◽  
Ramesh K. Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Clinical Potential ◽  
Placental Extract

Abstract:: The placenta that maintains and regulates the growth of fetus, consists of various biological treasures nutrients such as cytomedines, vitamins, trace elements, amino acids, peptides, growth factors and other biologically active constituents. Their therapeutic usefulness can well define in the terms of biochemical mechanisms of various components present in it. Biomedical waste derived extract is also a panacea for treatment of various diseases. Placental therapy has been reported specifically to have potent action on recovery of diseases and tissue regeneration. Placental bioactive components and their multi targeting identity prompted us to compile the précised information on placental extract products. However, some findings are needed to be explored by scientific community to prove their clinical potential with clinically significant statistical conclusions. In the light of available information and the usefulness of the placental extract, it is necessary for the development of various formulations for various unmet meet for the treatment as well as access their adverse effects as well as contradictions and precisely evaluated in the short and in the long-term periods.

scholarly journals Long-Term Cocirculation of Two Strains of Pepino Mosaic Virus in Tomato Crops and Its Effect on Population Genetic Variability

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alcaide ◽  
M. P. Rabadán ◽  
M. Juárez ◽  
P. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Viral Fitness ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Variability

Mixed viral infections are common in plants, and the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations may differ depending on whether the infection is caused by single or multiple viral strains. However, comparative studies of single and mixed infections using viral populations in comparable agricultural and geographical locations are lacking. Here, we monitored the occurrence of pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in tomato crops in two major tomato-producing areas in Murcia (southeastern Spain), supporting evidence showing that PepMV disease-affected plants had single infections of the Chilean 2 (CH2) strain in one area and the other area exhibited long-term (13 years) coexistence of the CH2 and European (EU) strains. We hypothesized that circulating strains of PepMV might be modulating the differentiation between them and shaping the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV populations. Our phylogenetic analysis of 106 CH2 isolates randomly selected from both areas showed a remarkable divergence between the CH2 isolates, with increased nucleotide variability in the geographical area where both strains cocirculate. Furthermore, the potential virus–virus interaction was studied further by constructing six full-length infectious CH2 clones from both areas, and assessing their viral fitness in the presence and absence of an EU-type isolate. All CH2 clones showed decreased fitness in mixed infections and although complete genome sequencing indicated a nucleotide divergence of those CH2 clones by area, the magnitude of the fitness response was irrespective of the CH2 origin. Overall, these results suggest that although agroecological cropping practices may be particularly important for explaining the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV in tomato crops, the cocirculation of both strains may have implications on the genetic variability of PepMV populations.

scholarly journals Cognitive Biases in Criminal Case Evaluation: A Review of the Research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Meterko ◽  
Glinda Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Case Evaluation ◽  
Complex Stimuli ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Specific Factors

AbstractPsychological heuristics are an adaptive part of human cognition, helping us operate efficiently in a world full of complex stimuli. However, these mental shortcuts also have the potential to undermine the search for truth in a criminal investigation. We reviewed 30 social science research papers on cognitive biases in criminal case evaluations (i.e., integrating and drawing conclusions based on the totality of the evidence in a criminal case), 18 of which were based on police participants or an examination of police documents. Only two of these police participant studies were done in the USA, with the remainder conducted in various European countries. The studies provide supporting evidence that lay people and law enforcement professionals alike are vulnerable to confirmation bias, and there are other environmental, individual, and case-specific factors that may exacerbate this risk. Six studies described or evaluated the efficacy of intervention strategies, with varying evidence of success. Further research, particularly in the USA, is needed to evaluate different approaches to protect criminal investigations from cognitive biases.

scholarly journals Responses of Vertebrate Wildlife to Oil and Natural Gas Development: Patterns and Frontiers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Chalfoun
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Natural Gas Development ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas

Abstract Purpose of Review Anthropogenic activities can lead to the loss, fragmentation, and alteration of wildlife habitats. I reviewed the recent literature (2014–2019) focused on the responses of avian, mammalian, and herpetofaunal species to oil and natural gas development, a widespread and still-expanding land use worldwide. My primary goals were to identify any generalities in species’ responses to development and summarize remaining gaps in knowledge. To do so, I evaluated the directionality of a wide variety of responses in relation to taxon, location, development type, development metric, habitat type, and spatiotemporal aspects. Recent Findings Studies (n = 70) were restricted to the USA and Canada, and taxonomically biased towards birds and mammals. Longer studies, but not those incorporating multiple spatial scales, were more likely to detect significant responses. Negative responses of all types were present in relatively low frequencies across all taxa, locations, development types, and development metrics but were context-dependent. The directionality of responses by the same species often varied across studies or development metrics. Summary The state of knowledge about wildlife responses to oil and natural gas development has developed considerably, though many biases and gaps remain. Studies outside of North America and that focus on herpetofauna are lacking. Tests of mechanistic hypotheses for effects, long-term studies, assessment of response thresholds, and experimental designs that isolate the effects of different stimuli associated with development, remain critical. Moreover, tests of the efficacy of habitat mitigation efforts have been rare. Finally, investigations of the demographic effects of development across the full annual cycle were absent for non-game species and are critical for the estimation of population-level effects.

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