scholarly journals The Piney Branch site (District of Columbia, U.S.A.) and the significance of the quarry-refuse model for the interpretation of lithics sites

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Curtis Neil Runnels
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Projectile Points ◽  
Branch Site ◽  
The Us ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Sequential Reduction ◽  
Lower Palaeolithic

In the 1870s the amateur archaeologist Dr Charles Abbott discovered roughly-flaked bifacial artefacts that he called “paleoliths” near Trenton, New Jersey, which he claimed were artefact types similar to Lower Palaeolithic handaxes being found in western Europe at that time. This interpretation gave rise to what has been called the Great Palaeolithic War, a debate in the United States about the existence of an “American Palaeolithic” that only ended in 1890 when the archaeologist William H. Holmes from the Smithsonian Institution excavated the Piney Branch lithics site in Washington D.C.. On the basis of the bifacial reduction sequence that he reconstructed from the lithics excavated at Piney Branch, Holmes argued that any resemblance of paleoliths to Lower Palaeolithic handaxes was accidental. Holmes believed that paleoliths were discarded elements from the sequential reduction of stone nodules (which he called the “Progressive Series”) by recent American Indian knappers during the manufacture of projectile points. In other words, the Trenton paleoliths, and by implication similar roughly-flaked bifaces, were nothing more than quarry refuse (or “waste”). Since Holmes’ day the quarry-refuse model for the interpretation of large roughly-flaked bifacial implements as “waste” and not artefact types used in other activities, particularly for lithics sties in the arid western regions of the US, has been applied at times without adequate bridging arguments. A review of Holmes’ interpretation of the Piney Branch evidence suggests that his quarry-refuse model, even when applied to Piney Branch, required numerous untested assumptions, and that the model may inadvertently obscure a range of other prehistoric activities not strictly related to quarrying and knapping. As a consequence, the application of the quarry-refuse model today to lithics sites found in North America without careful examination may also fail to identify the complete range of cultural activity at those sites, and should be applied to lithics sites only with due caution and the testing of alternative hypotheses.

scholarly journals Debunking Millar v. Taylor: The History of the Prohibition of Legislative History

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-58
Author(s):  
John J Magyar
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract The generally accepted belief about the rule prohibiting recourse to legislative history as an aid to statutory interpretation is that it began in the case of Millar v.Taylor in 1769, and it was followed thereafter in England and throughout the United States through to the 20th century. However, all four judges on the panel in Millar v.Taylor considered evidence from the Journal of the House of Commons and changes made to the relevant bill in their opinions. Meanwhile, the case was widely cited for several substantive and procedural matters throughout the 19th century, but it was not cited by a judge as a precedent for the rule against legislative history until 1887. A careful examination of the relevant cases and secondary literature from the 18th and 19th centuries reveals a much more nuanced and complex history to the rule. Its emergence becomes less clear because it is shrouded in judicial silence. Its beginnings must be inferred from a general and often unarticulated principle that lawyers felt free to disregard. Furthermore, the development, refinement, and decline of the rule followed a different timeline in England, the US federal courts and the state courts.

6. Maintaining the Spheres of Influence

2020 ◽  
pp. 159-177
Author(s):  
John W. Young ◽  
John Kent
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Nikita Khrushchev ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
East West

This chapter examines how the United States and the Soviet Union tried to maintain their respective spheres of influence during the Cold War, especially in three regions: Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Latin America. The death of Joseph Stalin and the assumption of power by the triumvirate of Lavrenti Beria, Nikita Khrushchev, and Georgi Malenkov resulted in a fresh approach to domestic issues and to the nature of Soviet control over its European satellites. The apparent change produced a new Soviet approach to East–West relations. The chapter first considers how the new Soviet leadership addressed the crisis in East Germany before analysing American influence in Western Europe and US relations with Latin America. The discussion covers themes and events such as the Soviet policy on Hungary and Poland, the Messina Conference and the Spaak Committee, nuclear cooperation and multilateral force, and the US response to the Cuban Revolution.

scholarly journals Risk of African swine fever virus introduction into the United States through smuggling of pork in air passenger luggage

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Jurado ◽  
Lina Mur ◽  
María Sol Pérez Aguirreburualde ◽  
Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández ◽  
Beatriz Martínez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Virus Surveillance ◽  
Global Epidemiology ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mean Risk

Abstract African swine fever causes substantial economic losses in the swine industry in affected countries. Traditionally confined to Africa with only occasional incursions into other regions, ASF began spreading into Caucasian countries and Eastern Europe in 2007, followed by Western Europe and Asia in 2018. Such a dramatic change in the global epidemiology of ASF has resulted in concerns that the disease may continue to spread into disease-free regions such as the US. In this study, we estimated the risk of introduction of ASF virus into the US through smuggling of pork in air passenger luggage. Results suggest that the mean risk of ASFV introduction into the US via this route has increased by 183.33% from the risk estimated before the disease had spread into Western Europe or Asia. Most of the risk (67.68%) was associated with flights originating from China and Hong Kong, followed by the Russian Federation (26.92%). Five US airports accounted for >90% of the risk. Results here will help to inform decisions related to the design of ASF virus surveillance strategies in the US.

Western Europe and the collapse of Bretton Woods

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-300
Author(s):  
Michael De Groot
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate System ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exchange Rate System ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

This article contends that Western Europe played a crucial and overlooked role in the collapse of Bretton Woods. Most scholars highlight the role of the United States, focusing on the impact of US balance of payments deficits, Washington’s inability to manage inflation, the weakness of the US dollar, and American domestic politics. Drawing on archival research in Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States, this article argues that Western European decisions to float their currencies at various points from 1969 to 1973 undermined the fixed exchange rate system. The British, Dutch, and West Germans opted to float their currencies as a means of protecting against imported inflation or protecting their reserve assets, but each float reinforced speculators’ expectations that governments would break from their fixed parities. The acceleration of financial globalization and the expansion of the Euromarkets in the 1960s made Bretton Woods increasingly difficult to defend.

scholarly journals The COVID States Project #75: Attitudes toward COVID-19 boosters before and after Omicron

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy H. Perlis ◽  
Matthew Baum ◽  
Kristin Lunz Trujillo ◽  
David Lazer ◽  
Alauna Safarpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
To Receive

Recognizing that the protection conferred by COVID-19 vaccines may wane over time, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has encouraged adults in the United States to receive booster shots that can augment their immunity to the virus. While the Biden administration sought to encourage all adults to receive boosters, the CDC initially authorized the shots only for higher-risk individuals. Subsequently, authorization was broadened to all adults, although only higher-risk individuals were encouraged to pursue boosters. Most recently, after substantial criticism, the CDC changed its language to encourage all adults to receive boosters.But regardless of the language, are US adults sufficiently convinced to seek booster shots? Will the same factors that contributed to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and vaccine resistance impact booster shots? The answers may have profound public health implications as the US enters the season during which respiratory viruses typically have the greatest impact, and the highly-transmissible Omicron variant rapidly becomes the dominant form of COVID-19, after being labeled a variant of concern by the World Health Organization on November 26th.Between November 3rd and December 3rd, 2021, the COVID States Project asked 22,277 adults in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia about their attitudes and behaviors regarding COVID-19. In particular, we asked about whether people are vaccinated or intend to be vaccinated, and whether they had sought booster shots or intend to seek a booster shot. In this brief report, we examine attitudes toward COVID-19 booster shots, and whether they differ across particular groups of people. Since the survey was ongoing when news about Omicron emerged in the US, we also take an initial look at whether these attitudes have begun to shift along with perceptions of the threat posed by COVID-19 subsequent to the November 26th announcement.

scholarly journals Integrated information support for the production and services on the basis of open technical vocabulary

2018 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Vera Cherkina
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Master Data ◽  
Technical Vocabulary ◽  
The Us ◽  
Defense Logistics Agency

Among the various directions in the development of Russian processes for standardizing products, both military and civilian, taking into account the international system for standardizing the information flow of data on products and technologies, the questions of improving of master data as a material carrier of information. The problem of data quality is payed increased attention, especially in countries of Western Europe, and primarily the United States. Developed and implemented are the corresponding series of international standards - ISO-8000, regulating the structure, syntax, semantics, portability and other attributes of data, and ISO-22745, determining their quality. Both standards were proposed by the US Defense Logistics Agency (DLA).

scholarly journals Is this 'it'? An outline of a theory of depressions

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
FERNANDO J. CARDIM DE CARVALHO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Main Mechanism ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Debt Deflation

ABSTRACT The crisis initiated in the United States in 2007, and spread worldwide in 2008, has been compared to the Great Depression of the 1930s. They have in common a deep fall in the level of activity (although in the 2010s government intervention was able to contain the fall before it could reach the dimensions of the 1930s), followed by a period where recovery is uncertain and fragile, as has been the case both in the US and in Western Europe. The paper outlines a theory of depression that comprises both aspects. The theory draws on the theoretical contributions of Keynes, Fisher, Minsky and Leijonhufvud, proposing that the concept of "corridor of stability" may help to explain how an initial adverse aggregate shock may lead to a contractionary spiral, where debt deflation is main mechanism to explain the downward movement of the economy and why one should expect a period of weak and volatile recovery to follow it.

Hand and wrist research productivity in journals with high impact factors: a 20 year analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Ahn ◽  
R. J. Li ◽  
B. S. Ahn ◽  
P. Kuo ◽  
J. Bryant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Productivity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Research Production ◽  
The Us

Bibliometric analyses, which study trends in research productivity, have not previously been applied to hand and wrist research. This study analyses temporal and geographic trends in hand and wrist research from 1988 to 2007. Original research articles were collected from seven English language journals selected on the basis of impact factor. Research production and quality (level of evidence) were determined by country and global region. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate trends. No significant increase in research volume was observed, but journal impact factors have risen significantly since 1988. Western Europe contributed significantly more high-quality (Level I and II) studies than the United States. Research contributions show a geographical distribution concentrated in the US and Western Europe, but considerable changes in this distribution have occurred. From 1988 to 2007, there was a relative increase in research production from Europe, Latin America and Asia, and a relative decline from the US.

scholarly journals EVALI: A Review of the Vaping Related Lung Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
Swati Sharma ◽  
Fiza Nehvi ◽  
Nili Kumari ◽  
Alankrita Chaudhary ◽  
Kuldeep Dhanker
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vitamin E Acetate ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
Harmful Effects

Vaping or e-cigarettes were introduced to help people quit smoking tobacco but with every passing year, their demand has dramatically increased as compared to the traditional cigarettes. With the increase in the number of vapers, an alarming vaping related outbreak which was given an official name by the CDC: EVALI (Electronic cigarette or Vaping Product Associated Lung Injury). In the United States, until  January 21st, 2020 2051 cases have been reported from all 50 states with 60 deaths confirmed in 27 states and the district of Columbia. Not much is known about the cause of this outbreak but the possible culprits could be THC(Tetrahydrocannabinol) containing materials or Vitamin E Acetate. In order to protect the youth and the adults from such health hazards the government took a step by putting a ban on E-cigarettes. After the US states of Michigan & New York, India too, imposed a ban on the sale of such e-cigarettes. This review paper discusses about e-cigarettes and about its harmful effects that lead to EVALI in a person.

scholarly journals US and the idea of creating a united Europe

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-63
Author(s):  
Zinaida Svyaschenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marshall Plan ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cold War

The article аnalyses the US’ position on the idea of creating the united Europe within the context of the events of the “cold war”. For many years after the Second World War promoting the European integration was one of the important areas of the American foreign policy. An important role in this process belonged to the “Marshall Plan”, which showed support for the ideas of the European unification and forced the leaders of the Western countries to consider the practical steps for their implementation, supported by Washington. Particular attention is paid to NATO, the formation of which was a joint project of the United States and Europe. This organization had globalized and deepened the economic liasions of the countries, and so they became sustainable partners in the most important areas of their cooperation. It was a pledge of stable contacts and coordination on the major 63 issues, which provided guarantees to the both sides. To reinsure its interests, The US started addressing to Europe, appealing to the equal partnership, knowingly claiming to gaining the unquestionable leadership. It is concluded that the renaissance of some European structures by means of the United States’ aid would put the countries of the region in the distinct dependence. Later, economically strong and integrated Western Europe would act as a partner for a global political leader – the United States, without claiming to be an equal partner that develops within the limits set by the USA. That is why the Western Europe faced a difficult choice of integration during this period. All the further actions taken by the European leaders were focused on the possibility of independent planning and subsequent conduct of their internal policies.

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