scholarly journals A Great Step Forward. Lithic Raw Material Procurement and Management among Palaeolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Basque Crossroads

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite García-Rojas ◽  
Eder Dominguez-Ballesteros ◽  
Alejandro Prieto ◽  
Aitor Calvo ◽  
Aitor Sánchez ◽  
...  

This paper is divided into three sections. The first section describes the historiographic evolution of the study of prehistoric lithic raw materials in the Basque Crossroads (in the north of the Iberian Peninsula) during the last three decades. The second section explains the currently available information about geological outcrops of flint in the eastern end of the Cantabrian Mountain range (the Basque-Cantabrian Basin), the upper Ebro valley and both sides of the western Pyrenees, in the central part of the northern Iberian Peninsula, as that was the main raw material used by hunter-gatherer groups in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. Finally, the last section describes the way in which progress in both aspects of research have enabled the introduction of new concepts and perspectives in the reconstruction of the social and economic dynamics of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. This has given rise to an innovative methodology that is able to address and solve important issues, particularly regarding mobility and territoriality patterns of those human groups, allowing the proposal of mobility and territoriality models that, while they will not match exactly the systems used by Upper Palaeolithic communities, represent significant progress in understanding the social and economic dynamics of hunter-gatherer groups.

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Soto

The Picamoixons site is a rockshelter located in the province of Tarragona (NE Iberian Peninsula). It was object of two rescue campaigns during 1988 and 1993, which led to the recovery of a complete archaeological assemblage, including stone tools as well as faunal and portable art remains that date the occupation to the 14th to 11th millennium BP (calibrated). This study involves a petrographic characterisation of the stone-tool assemblage in order to establish: 1) the procurement areas, 2) the raw materials management strategies and 3) the mobility radius and territorial sizes of the hunter-gatherers groups that occupied the site. The method applied comprises in a multiscale analysis that includes systematic prospection, the petrographic characterisation of geological and archaeological samples, an analysis of the chert types represented in the knapping sequence, and the definition of the mobility axes and areas frequented according to lithic procurement.A petrographic analysis of the chert in the prospected area led to the definition of nine macroscopic varieties related to five types (Vilaplana, Morera, Maset, Vilella and Tossa cherts), related to Lower and Upper Muschelkalk (Triassic), Lutetian, Bartonian (Palaeocene) and Sannonian (Oligocene) deposits.The study of the knapping sequences indicates the main exploitation of Bartonian cherts (Tossa type), and the use of Lutetian cherts (Maset and Morera types) for configuring retouched tools. The exploitation of the remaining raw material types identified is considered sporadic and opportunistic.Defining the procurement areas enabled the mobility radius to be assessed as between 3 and 30 km, highlighting the importance of the fluvial basins as natural movement pathways. The results indicate that the main procurement territory was 16 km2 in area, associable with a forager radius. The most remote procurement distances suggest a maximum exploitation area of 260 km2, defining an intra-regional range. This range presents parallelisms with various contemporaneous hunter-gatherers groups in Western Europe, suggesting a progressive mobility reduction dynamic during the Late Pleistocene-Initial Holocene.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-206
Author(s):  
Яхьяев ◽  
Aydyn Yakhyaev ◽  
Абиев ◽  
Yusif Abiev

In the farms of the north-eastern slope of the Greater Caucasus wood raw material obtained from intermediate felling, is not fully utilized and is not effective, due to the organizational and technical difficulties of farms. In addressing these issues in 8 directions of the region with a length of 40-50 km 14 intermediate assembly points were organized, which are intended for the collection and temporary storage of wood raw material harvested within a radius of 15-20 km of the forest. Need to establish assembly points is due to the complexity of relief items and the possibility of year-round use of the main roads of regional importance. To ensure uninterrupted timber industry and in full at the assembly point accumulated wood raw material is partially sorted. Processing of harvested wood raw material is planned for timber industry, located near the central region of the main road in the territory of Cuba town. Establishment in the area of the complex is considered justified, since the resource base in the coming years for intermediate, and later for the main use will be more than 100 thousand hectares of forests in the region. In the proposed area for the industrial complex for processing of raw wood there are all the technical and economic prerequisites. Accumulated in the assembly points wood raw material to the point of processing is transported using self-loading lumber carriers of up to 8 meters length, which is associated with a complex terrain conditions and road network in the region. This complex is planned to organize the following process areas: sawmills, parquet and packaging, small-chip technology, processing of technical greenery. In organizing the production sites size and quality characteristics and volumes of each category of harvested wood raw materials are taking into account, as well as the need for forest products in the region and the country as a whole. In the processes it is envisaged to use the most advanced modular processing of wood with the release of standard lumber, wood workpieces of different products, pulp chips, wood greens and products of its processing.


2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Fabio Silva

This paper applies a combined landscape and skyscape archaeology methodology to the study of megalithic passage graves in the North-west of the Iberian Peninsula, in an attempt to glimpse the cosmology of these Neolithic Iberians. The reconstructed narrative is found to be supported also by a toponym for a local mountain range and associated folklore, providing an interesting methodology that might be applied in future Celtic studies. The paper uses this data to comment on the ‘Celticization from the West’ hypothesis that posits Celticism originated in the European Atlantic façade during the Bronze Age. If this is the case, then the Megalithic phenomenon that was widespread along the Atlantic façade would have immediately preceded the first Celts.


1969 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Jørn Bo Jensen ◽  
Sara Borre ◽  
Jørgen O. Leth ◽  
Zyad Al-Hamdani ◽  
Laura G. Addington

In the summer of 2010, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) mapped the potential raw materials and substrate types, over large parts of the Danish economic sector of the North Sea, in cooperation with Orbicon A/S. The mapping was carried out for the Danish Nature Agency; it is part of the general mapping of raw material resources within the territories of the Danish state and forms part of the input for the implementation of the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive. The purpose was (1) to provide an overview of the distribution, volume and composition of available raw materials and (2) to identify, describe and map the distribution of the dominant marine bottom types.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Daffara ◽  
Gabriele L.F. Berruti ◽  
Marta Arzarello

The Ciota Ciara cave is a Middle Palaeolithic site located in Piedmont (north-western Italy) and it is the only one systematically investigated in the region. It opens at 670 m a.s.l. on the west side of Monte Fenera and its archaeological deposit has a stratigraphic sequence documenting several and repeated human frequentations. Four archaeological layers have been identified (13, 14, 15 and 103) and are characterized by lithic assemblages where vein quartz is the main exploited raw material. The upper level (13), was already subject to technological and functional studies but the enlargement of the excavated area made necessary a completion of the technological data. The aim of this work is to deal with a complete technological and functional study of the lithic assemblage of the four archaeological layers of the Ciota Ciara cave to face the issues of predetermination and adaptation of the reduction sequences to the raw materials features. The technological analysis is based on the concept of chaîne opératoire and refers to the classical definitions of the S.S.D.A., discoid and Levallois methods for the identification of the different exploitation strategies. The concepts of curated and expedient technology are also applied to the present study. We finally refer to the huge debate concerning the concept of predetermination related to cores that show reduced or none phases of core configuration for the analysis and interpretation of the considered lithic assemblage.The results obtained show that the general behaviour can be interpreted as expedient, both from a technological and a functional point of view. The Middle Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers of the Ciota Ciara cave adapted their “technological background” to the resources available and put into action flexible adaptation strategies. Even in the shortness or absence of phases of core configuration, predetermination can be observed in the adaptation of Levallois and discoid concepts to the natural constraints of the pebbles chosen as cores. The natural convexities are exploited to obtain Levallois and discoid flakes after an intentional choice made by the knappers. In order to deeply investigate the characteristics of the technological behaviour of the hunter-gatherers that inhabited the site, the use-wear analysis is a fundamental additional source of information and it is here aimed to understand if there is or not a differential use of the lithic artefacts according to their typology and/or to the knapping method.


2018 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Dariusz Bobak ◽  
Marta Połtowicz-Bobak

In terms of supply of good quality raw materials for stone tool manufacture, the area of southeastern Poland is rather poor. Considering research conducted so far, there are only few sites that can be the basis for analysis. Nevertheless, certain phenomena seem to be characteristic on sites in southeastern Poland in the later phase of the Upper Palaeolithic and in the Late Palaeolithic. There are usually more than one kind of raw material present. Apart from local erratic flint, imported Świeciechów (grey white-spotted) and ‘chocolate’ flint dominate. The presence of both Jurassic (areas near Cracow) and Volhynian flints are poorly recorded, whereas resources from the south are almost absent. These imported raw materials indicate the existence of particularly strong relations linking the areas of southeastern Poland with the Sandomierz Upland, and much weaker relationships with the territories of Lesser Poland and Western Ukraine


Author(s):  
Thierry Aubry ◽  
Luca Antonio Dimuccio ◽  
Helena Moura

Os trabalhos de arqueologia desenvolvidos desde o início da última década do século XX no Centro e Nordeste de Portugal permitem estabelecer um quadro paleoambiental e cronoestratigráfico das várias fases de ocupação durante o Paleolítico Superior, bem como aperceber caraterísticas da adaptação técnica da produção das indústrias de pedra lascada, em função dos recursos líticos disponíveis localmente. Todavia, entre 40,000 e 12,000 cal BP a preservação do registo arqueológico foi fortemente condicionada pelos processos sedimentares decorrentes de bruscas mudanças nas condições climáticas globais. No Maciço de Sicó (Centro de Portugal) foram detetados artefactos e ecofactos essencialmente em cavidades cársicas e abrigos sob rocha (localmente denominados “buracas”). As sequências arqueoestratigráficas são descontínuas e terão sofrido diversas fases erosivas, que se revelam por lacunas sedimentares e superfícies de estabilização, com distintos graus de preservação. Os sítios arqueológicos da margem Norte do Rio Mondego (Centro de Portugal) estão associados a afloramentos de sílex e a sua preservação em sedimentos alúviocoluviais do Plistocénico, com uma componente eólica em depressões cársicas fechadas no Planalto de Outil/Cantanhede. No Vale do Côa (Nordeste de Portugal), os sítios ao ar livre localizam-se em antigas superfícies de erosão relacionadas com o encaixe da rede hidrográfica durante o Plistocénico Superior, assim como em depressões topográficas abertas nas superfícies aplanadas dos granitóides no limite da “Meseta”. O estudo do aprovisionamento em sílex e silcretos revela contactos de longa distância entre a Estremadura e a Meseta Norte, pelo que o mapa dos sítios do Paleolítico Superior atualmente disponível, no contexto mais geral da Península Ibérica, não constituirá uma imagem completa da densidade de ocupação humana deste território durante aquele período. Para obter uma representação mais rigorosa dessa ocupação necessitaremos inevitavelmente da aplicação sistemática de métodos de prospeção baseados em modelos de cariz geológico-geomorfológico, tal como já parcialmente estabelecido para o Valedo Côa e o Maciço de SicóOs trabalhos de arqueologia desenvolvidos desde o início da última década do século XX no Centro e Nordeste de Portugal permitem estabelecer um quadro paleoambiental e cronoestratigráfico das várias fases de ocupação durante o Paleolítico Superior, bem como aperceber caraterísticas da adaptação técnica da produção das indústrias de pedra lascada, em função dos recursos líticos disponíveis localmente. Todavia, entre 40,000 e 12,000 cal BP a preservação do registo arqueológico foi fortemente condicionada pelos processos sedimentares decorrentes de bruscas mudanças nas condições climáticas globais. No Maciço de Sicó (Centro de Portugal) foram detetados artefactos e ecofactos essencialmente em cavidades cársicas e abrigos sob rocha (localmente denominados “buracas”). As sequências arqueoestratigráficas são descontínuas e terão sofrido diversas fases erosivas, que se revelam por lacunas sedimentares e superfícies de estabilização, com distintos graus de preservação. Os sítios arqueológicos da margem Norte do Rio Mondego (Centro de Portugal) estão associados a afloramentos de sílex e a sua preservação em sedimentos alúviocoluviais do Plistocénico, com uma componente eólica em depressões cársicas fechadas no Planalto de Outil/Cantanhede. No Vale do Côa (Nordeste de Portugal), os sítios ao ar livre localizam-se em antigas superfícies de erosãorelacionadas com o encaixe da rede hidrográfica durante o Plistocénico Superior, assim como em depressões topográficas abertas nas superfícies aplanadas dos granitóides no limite da “Meseta”. O estudo do aprovisionamento em sílex e silcretos revela contactos de longa distância entre a Estremadura e a Meseta Norte, pelo que o mapa dos sítios do Paleolítico Superior atualmente disponível, no contexto mais geral da Península Ibérica, não constituirá uma imagem completa da densidade de ocupação humana deste território durante aquele período. Para obter uma representação mais rigorosa dessa ocupação necessitaremos inevitavelmente da aplicação sistemática de métodos de prospeção baseados em modelos de cariz geológico-geomorfológico, tal como já parcialmente estabelecido para o Vale do Côa e o Maciço de Sicó. Upper Palaeolithic cultures and palaeoenvironments in Central and Northern of Portugal: assessment and research prospects - The archaeological research developed during the last decade of the 20th-century in Central and Northeast Portugal established a palaeoenvironmental and chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Palaeolithic occupation of these regions, and brought to light the operative schemes used for the production of stone tools from the locally available raw material resources. Between 40,000 and 12,000 cal BP, the preservation of the archaeological record was strongly conditioned by sedimentary processes related to rapid changes in global climate. In the Sicó Massif (Central Portugal), artefacts and ecofacts are mainly found in karst caves and rock-shelters (locally called “buracas”) whose archaeostratigraphic sequences are discontinuous, affected by erosive events (hiatuses and stabilization), and variablypreserved. The archaeological sites along the North bank of the Mondego River (Central Portugal) are associated with flint outcrops and their preservation in Pleistocene alluvium-colluvium sediments, with an aeolian component found in closed karst depressions of the Outil/Cantanhede Plateau. In the Côa Valley (Northeast of Portugal), the open-air sites are located on ancient rock-terrace surfaces related to Upper Pleistocene fluvial downcutting, as well as in topographicdepressions of the planation surfaces of the “Meseta” granitoids. The procurement of flint and silcrete reveals a large social network, extending from the Estremadura to the Northern Meseta, which indicates that, in the wider context of the Iberian Peninsula, the current distribution of Upper Palaeolithic sites is not a genuine reflection of the density of this period’s human occupation. Only the implementation of a systematic surveying approach for site detection based on geological-geomorphological models, such as those used in the Côa Valley and the Sicó Massif, will allow a more accurate reconstitution of that occupation.


Food Industry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Maksimova ◽  
Denis Poleschuk ◽  
Elena Surovtseva ◽  
Kseniya Vereshchagina ◽  
Alexei Milovanov

The article presents the technological potential research results of secondary resources formed in the King crab cutting process for food purposes. The authors analyzed waste (cephalothorax and abdomen) obtained from the King crab industrial processing from the North Okhotsk sea subzone and Primorye subzone. They determined the size and mass characteristics of waste. There is the shell, viscera (including liver), gills and abdominals ratio. A man examined the ratio of mineral (shell) and protein (interior and gills) parts of the studied waste experimentally. The research aim was to determine the total chemical composition, amino acid composition of proteins, fatty acid composition of lipids and mineral composition of the combined waste. The authors revealed that the secondary raw materials under the experiment consisted of the protein by 13.37 ± 0.05 %, lipids by 2.68 ± 0.1 %, minerals by 8.33 ± 0.25 % and carbohydrate compounds by 4.22 ± 0.05 %. The experiment determined the essential amino acids sum in the protein part. Valine, leucine and cysteine are limiting. Fatty acids in lipids waste are represented by polyunsaturated fatty acids in significant amounts (42.11 %). Calcium and sodium are overwhelming macronutrients in the waste from the King crab cutting, while iron and zinc are dominating microelements. The research results indicate the high technological value of waste from King crab cutting and the potential of this secondary raw material as a basis for the production of biologically valuable protein and mineral products.


Author(s):  
Isabel Sánchez Ramos ◽  
Jorge Morín de Pablos

With its strategic geographic location near the major Roman roads in the middle of the Iberian Peninsula, Toledo was the Visigoth capital under Theudis in the year ad 546 until the collapse of the kingdom in the early eighth century. Most of the evidence of its architectural power linked to new local elites is located in the countryside rather than in the city of Toledo. Archaeology has attested the collapse of the Roman territorial model and its substitution by a medieval one. This model is characterized by the appearance of monumental complexes, in which monastic and sacred complexes linked to the aristocracies of Toledo acquired preference, key for understanding the social, cultural, and economic dynamics of the fifth and the eighth centuries.


Światowit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
María Irene Ruiz de Haro

In space, the Castreña culture was located in the north-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, whereas in time it stretched from the Late Bronze Age to the beginning of the Roman period. This study focuses specifically on the invention and use of the spinning bowl in the Castreña culture. Theoretical and conceptual tools will enable tackling this item with a rigid research methodology and help answer the question of why the invention of the spinning bowl and the innovations in processing of flax yarn production occurred, and how they were transmitted to other areas in the forms of innovation or technical loan. To explain its presence within the limits of this geography and chronology, the use of Linum usitatissimum L. is discussed. This specific raw material is closely related to the entire innovation process on the one hand, and on the other opens an avenue for research into its function within the technical chain of the creation of linen thread or yarn.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document