Analyzing the Strength of Concrete Blocks Reinforced by Half Portion of Coconut Shell

Author(s):  
S. P. Khedekar

Concrete is the premier construction material around the world and is most widely used in all types of construction works, including infrastructure, low and high-rise buildings, and domestic developments. It is a man-made product, essentially consisting of a mixture of cement, aggregates, water and admixture(s). Inert granular materials such as sand, crushed stone or gravel form the major part of the aggregates. Traditionally aggregates have been readily available at economic prices and of qualities to suit all purposes. But the continued extensive extraction use of aggregates from natural resources has been questioned because of the depletion of quality primary aggregates and greater awareness of environmental protection. In light of this, the non-availability of natural resources to future generations has also been realized. Different alternative waste materials and industrial by products such as fly ash, bottom ash, recycled aggregates, foundry sand, China clay sand, crumb rubber, glass were replaced with natural aggregate and investigated properties of the concretes. Apart from above mentioned waste materials and industrial by products, few studies identified that coconut shells, the agricultural by product can also be used as aggregate in concrete. According to a report, coconut is grown in more than 86 countries worldwide, with a total production of 54 billion nuts per annum. India occupies the premier position in the world with an annual production of 13 billion nuts, followed by Indonesia and the Philippines.

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 1001-1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
De Zhen Chen ◽  
Cui Jie Geng ◽  
Wen Zhou Sun

Evaluation indexes system has been put forward in this paper for quantifying thesystematical energy consumption, resources consumption, total emissions’ change and waste disposal capacity in road construction with recycled waste materials involved. With help of this evaluation indexes system, the contributions to environmental improvement caused by recycling waste materials in road construction can be quantified through calculating savings on environmental impact potentials, savings on energy consumption, on virgin materials’ consumption and waste disposal capacity provided by road construction. Based on the construction project of a road section numbered No.20 EWK0+400 ~ EWK0+600 of North highway to Shanghai Pudong international airport, which was the first trial project of using several kinds of recycled waste materials including bottom ash from incinerators to replace commonly used materials such as gravel in large scale in road pavement, the results of the four indexes, namely, savings on energy consumption and virgin materials’ consumption, environmental impact potentials as well as waste disposal capacity were obtained. It was found out that with multi recycled waste materials replacing part of the common construction material, systematical energy consumption can be reduced by 30%, a large amount of virgin resource consumption can be avoid and road construction also provides a remarkable large “dumping site” for solid wastes; while at the same time environmental impact potentials were saved for most impact categories except for increase in Ecotoxicity, water chronic, which was caused by heavy metals’ leaching and can be prevented by pre-treatment. Those results are useful for guiding the utilization of recycled waste materials, as well as for developing new technology process and advanced materials in road construction.


2013 ◽  
Vol 848 ◽  
pp. 135-138
Author(s):  
Jia Zi Shi ◽  
Xing Dang

Concrete is the most commonly used construction material in the world over the past decades. But the increase in concrete production leads to an increase in greenhouse gases emission and environmental damage. With the current focus on sustainability, it is necessary to evaluate concretes environmental impact and develop new materials for green concrete. Green recycled aggregates and mineral admixtures are important component materials for green concrete. In this paper, the development of green concrete industry is introduced, and the application of materials for green concrete such as green recycled aggregates and mineral admixtures are discussed.


2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Jim F. Raborar

Abstract Development is an innate manifestation on earth. It is not even surprising that the world has developed tremendously over the past decade considering the development in the previous decades. That is, development precipitates development. Therefore, even though everybody can see what risks it brings to the earth, we cannot simply restrain it. Of course, we cannot restrain it. The bottomline is that we have no choice but to be part of the development and be one of those who assist in the ever spontaneous development by trying to minimize its unwanted effects to the planet and its inhabitantants, the humans. Even looking at the ‘development’ from one’s own microcosm, we can perceive that as we go through life and gain some of what this world can offer, we produce tons and tons of wastes. These wastes, which are naturally not part of the earth, pollute and disrupt the natural processes of the planet. It is also simple to notice that the fundamental cause of the depletion of the earth’s natural resources was definitely proportional to the increase in population and to the development itself. Here lies one of the underlying global problems at hand aside from poverty, hunger, low access to education, and other socio-anthropological issues we have, this is the issue on natural resources depletion. Even to worldleaders from well-developed countries can recognize that they will also be the ones at the receiving end of this problem. It is basic that living organisms rely on their environment or the abiotic factors, to live sustainably. Considering these problems, the United Nations, with the worldleaders as its composition, has come up with strategies that advocate development while keeping the earth’s natural resources from depletion or the earth’s natural processes from disruption. This advocacy is called Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development is the development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the ability of the next generation to meet their own needs. It is, at its core, an advocacy for futurism and the next generation. Sustainable Development is primarily anchored with the case of the “carrying capacity” of the planet Earth. It was already implied by several natural scientists as well as social scientists that indeed the Planet Earth increasingly finds it hard to sustain the needs of the human races because of overpopulation. These things result to poverty and hunger around the world. On the otherhand, it is increasing implied that most of the Natural Resources of the planet goes to the well-developed countries, leaving the developing and underdeveloped countries with meager resources. This further increases cases of hunger and poverty. Although it is deceptive that the call for a sustainable development should take its toll on the countries with bigger economy since they consume the most and pollute the most, it is very definite that there should be a much more intensive application in developing countries since we are just about to experience what the rest of the developed countries have already experienced. More importantly, developing countries should advocate Sustainable Development since it is a common knowledge that even if they contribute least to the causes of natural resource depletion and disruption of natural processes, they are the ones who suffer most from the devastating effects of unsustainable development. As citizens of the Republic of the Philippines, we are one of those who suffer most.


CORD ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
S. Asnawi ◽  
S.N. Darwis

Before 1939, Indonesia was the largest copra exporter in the world (FAO 1983). But since then until 1970 it was only the se­cond largest copra exporter after the Philippines (Heesch & Kuhl­mann 1982). Between 1970 and 1980 the exports of copra from Indonesia declined drastically from 184,000 tons in 1970 to only 36,000 tons in 1980, on average a decrease of about 37.6 per cent per annum for the period (Asnawi & Darwis 1984). Since 1983 Indonesia has had to stop exports of copra due to a deficit in na­tional coconut production relative to domestic needs. For example, in 1983 the total production of coconut in Indonesia was only about 2.4 million tons copra equivalent while the total consump­tion of coconut in the country in that year was about 2.48 million tons. Thus, there was a deficit in coconut production of about 80,000 tons copra equivalent in the country in that year (Asna­wi & Darwis 1984).


The most important material which is used for the construction of any concrete structure is concrete itself. It is considered to be as a versatile construction material as its properties can be changed by various means, with the help of different elements and as and when required. Rheodynamic Concrete or Self-Compacting Concrete is a special form of concrete which can easily flow into any kind of formwork uniformly, without facing the problem of bleeding and segregation, gives a better finish, has a great characteristic of placement, requires no vibration, and thus gives a safe working environment. Due to a number of merits, this type of concrete had becoming popular in the construction work. Simultaneously, the big industries across the world are producing the by products such as fly ash, rice husk ash, etc. Thus, this paper represents a review, which is done to incorporate these wastes by – products in Self-Compacting Concrete and observe, how the different properties of the same has been modified effectively and efficiently.


Author(s):  
Sanja Dimter ◽  
Tatjana Rukavina ◽  
Ivana Barišić

Environmental conservation and energy savings, as the fundamental assumptions for sustainable development, and financial savings are possible through the use of new, non-standard materials and technologies in the building and maintenance of roads. Different types of waste materials and industrial by-products may be used in road construction as an alternative to standard materials. In order to be applicable, alternative materials must meet certain engineering characteristics, show an acceptable level of execution, and be economical in comparison with traditional materials. The reasons for the use of alternative materials are many and largely outweigh the possible shortcomings. The use of alternative materials is significant from both the ecological and economic perspectives. Ecologically, the use of alternative materials means a lesser need for the exploitation of natural resources and the quantity of waste accumulated in landfills is reduced. Economically, the use of alternative materials reduces total construction costs. This chapter explores the use of alternative materials.


Author(s):  
Sanja Dimter ◽  
Tatjana Rukavina ◽  
Ivana Barišić

Environmental conservation and energy savings, as the fundamental assumptions for sustainable development, and financial savings are possible through the use of new, non-standard materials and technologies in the building and maintenance of roads. Different types of waste materials and industrial by-products may be used in road construction as an alternative to standard materials. In order to be applicable, alternative materials must meet certain engineering characteristics, show an acceptable level of execution, and be economical in comparison with traditional materials. The reasons for the use of alternative materials are many and largely outweigh the possible shortcomings. The use of alternative materials is significant from both the ecological and economic perspectives. Ecologically, the use of alternative materials means a lesser need for the exploitation of natural resources and the quantity of waste accumulated in landfills is reduced. Economically, the use of alternative materials reduces total construction costs. This chapter explores the use of alternative materials.


2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyi Wang ◽  
Chee Chin ◽  
Jun Xia

Recycled aggregates have been widely studied and used in concrete products nowadays. There are still many waste materials that can be used as recycled aggregates other than crushed concrete particles. This paper aims to study the property variations of sustainable concrete paving block incorporating different contents of construction wastes. Five different types of waste materials were used in this project, including: recycled concrete coarse aggregate (RCCA), recycled concrete fine aggregate (RCFA), crushed glass (CG), crumb rubber (CB), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). According to the test results of the properties of blocks mixed with different levels of wastes materials, it is concluded that adding both RCCA and RCFA in the block can decrease its strength and increase the water absorption. The suggested replacement levels for RCCA and RCFA are 60% and 20%, respectively. Mixing crushed glass in the concrete paving blocks as a type of coarse aggregates can improve the blocks’ strength and decrease the blocks’ water absorption. Addition of crumb rubber causes a significant deterioration of blocks’ properties except for its slip resistance.


10.29007/dskr ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavin Dhonde ◽  
Vijay R. Panchal ◽  
Dr. Janki Thakker

Every year about 1.3 trillion bricks are manufactured in, and the world of which at least 10% are made in coal fired kilns, releasing about 800 million tons of CO2 annually. Eco-friendly bricks help to reduce the emission of CO2 in environment. Another aspect is to utilize waste materials and by products such as fly-ash, rice-husk, chopped straw etc., which are cheaper and easily available. These materials should help to achieve better properties for bricks. Another aim is to reduce the shrinkage problem in present eco-friendly bricks by adding waste products and increase in the strength and serviceability of present eco-friendly bricks. In this study we utilize different materials with varying percentage to produce eco-friendly bricks with improved properties. Shrinkage of the present eco- friendly bricks was reduced by adding rice-husk (RH) and chopped-straw (CS). The highest strength of the brick was achieved.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5459-5463

Concrete is the most significant material for construction and by incorporation of various industrial by products may improve its properties. Normally fine aggregates have been obtained from natural sources like river beds, now days there is a lot of scarcity for getting natural aggregates. So to overcome this problem, aggregates are partially replaced with alternative materials like bottom ash, recycled aggregates and some natural aggregates .In present study, fine aggregate was replaced with bottom ash and steel fibres are used to improve strength characteristics of concrete. M25 grade concrete was prepared for control specimens, and also bottom ash based fiber reinforced concrete specimens were prepared in different proportions 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% with bottom ash by weight of fine aggregate and a 1.0% and 1.5% of steel fibers were added by weight of cement. To examine bottom ash based steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens were tested under flexural, split tensile, and compression. The mechanical property of bottom ash based steel fiber reinforced concrete was compared with control mix to examine optimal combination of bottom ash and fibers. It was noticed that 10% replacement of bottom ash has shown the maximum improvement in Compressive, split tensile and flexural strength. Hence, bottom ash based steel fiber reinforced concrete can be used as construction material.


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